A Horváthertelend-1 fúrás paleozoos képződményeinek ásvány-kőzettani és mikroszerkezeti vizsgálata

Munkánk során a Horváthertelend–1 (későbbiekben Hh–1) fúrásban 720 m és 850 m között feltárt, paleozoosként számontartott képződmények részletes kőzettani és mikroszerkezeti vizsgálatát tűztük ki célul. A Hh–1 fúrás által harántolt miocénnél idősebb képződmények fontos információt hordozhatnak a terület földtani és szerkezeti felépítéséről, így vizsgálatuk napjainkban felértékelődik. A miocén képződmények alatt 720 m-től 790 m-ig fekete–sötétszürke agyagkő–grauwacke összlet található. A szakasz érdekessége, hogy rendszerint aszimmetrikus, boudinage szerkezetű, vastag limonitos szegéllyel rendelkező vörös arkózalencséket tartalmaz az uralkodóan sötétszürke alapkőzetben. Emellett a képződmény középső szakaszán foliált kataklázit jelenik meg. A mikroszerkezeti elemek arra utalnak, hogy a vörös arkóza deformáció eredményeként tektonikus határral ékelődik a sötét kőzettípusokba. A rétegsorban 790 m-től 850 m-ig konglomerátum és homokkő összlet található, melyet két eltérő összetételű és szövetű kőzettípus váltakozása jellemez. Az összlet felső szakaszában karbonáttal cementált, szemcsevázú–cementvázú konglomerátum, míg az összlet alsó szakaszában kvarccal cementált, mátrixvázú konglomerátum és durvaszemcsés homokkő található. A kettő közötti átmenet azonban nem éles, hanem a középső szakaszban a két kőzettípus néhány méteres blokkokban váltakozik. A kőzettani heterogenitás, illetve a deformációs szerkezetek alapján a Hh–1 fúrás paleozoos szakasza nagy valószínűséggel egy törészóna részét reprezentálja, melyben különböző litológiájú (és akár korú) képződmények keverednek

Stealth Effect of Short Polyoxazolines in Graft Copolymers: Minor Changes of Backbone End Group Determine Liver Cell-Type Specificity

Dye-loaded micelles of 10 nm diameter formed from amphiphilic graft copolymers composed of a hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) backbone and hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) side chains with a degree of polymerization of 15 were investigated concerning their cellular interaction and uptake in vitro as well as their interaction with local and circulating cells of the reticuloendothelial system in the liver by intravital microscopy. Despite the high molar mass of the individual macromolecules (Mn ≈ 20 kg mol-1), backbone end group modification by attachment of a hydrophilic anionic fluorescent probe strongly affected the in vivo performance. To understand these effects, the end group was additionally modified by the attachment of four methacrylic acid repeating units. Although various micelles appeared similar in dynamic light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy, changes in the micelles were evident from principal component analysis of the Raman spectra. Whereas an efficient stealth effect was found for micelles formed from polymers with anionically charged or thiol end groups, a hydrophobic end group altered the micelles' structure sufficiently to adapt cell-type specificity and stealth properties in the liver. © 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

Targeted delivery of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ inhibitor to restore organ function in sepsis

Jaundice, the clinical hallmark of infection-associated liver dysfunction, reflects altered membrane organization of the canalicular pole of hepatocytes and portends poor outcomes. Mice lacking phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) are protected against membrane disintegration and hepatic excretory dysfunction. However, they exhibit a severe immune defect that hinders neutrophil recruitment to sites of infection. To exploit the therapeutic potential of PI3Kγ inhibition in sepsis, a targeted approach to deliver drugs to hepatic parenchymal cells without compromising other cells, in particular immune cells, seems warranted. Here, we demonstrate that nanocarriers functionalized through DY-635, a fluorescent polymethine dye, and a ligand of organic anion transporters can selectively deliver therapeutics to hepatic parenchymal cells. Applying this strategy to a murine model of sepsis, we observed the PI3Kγ-dependent restoration of biliary canalicular architecture, maintained excretory liver function, and improved survival without impairing host defense mechanisms. This strategy carries the potential to expand targeted nanomedicines to disease entities with systemic inflammation and concomitantly impaired barrier functionality

Relevance of the light signaling machinery for cellulase expression in trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In nature, light is one of the most important environmental cues that fungi perceive and interpret. It is known not only to influence growth and conidiation, but also cellulase gene expression. We therefore studied the relevance of the main components of the light perception machinery of <it>Trichoderma reesei </it>(<it>Hypocrea jecorina</it>), ENV1, BLR1 and BLR2, for production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in fermentations aimed at efficient biosynthesis of enzyme mixtures for biofuel production.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Our results indicate that despite cultivation in mostly dark conditions, all three components show an influence on cellulase expression. While we found the performance of the enzyme mixture secreted by a deletion mutant in <it>env1 </it>to be enhanced, the higher cellulolytic activity observed for <it>Δblr2 </it>is mainly due to an increased secretion capacity of this strain. <it>Δblr1 </it>showed enhanced biomass accumulation, but due to its obviously lower secretion capacity still was the least efficient strain in this study.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that with respect to regulation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, the blue light regulator proteins are unlikely to act as a complex. Their regulatory influence on cellulase biosynthesis involves an alteration of protein secretion, which may be due to adjustment of transcription or posttranscriptional regulation of upstream factors. In contrast, the regulatory function of ENV1 seems to involve adjustment of enzyme proportions to environmental conditions.</p

Matter manipulation with extreme terahertz light: Progress in the enabling THz technology

Terahertz (THz) light has proven to be a fine tool to probe and control quasi-particles and collective excitations in solids, to drive phase transitions and associated changes in material properties, and to study rotations and vibrations in molecular systems. In contrast to visible light, which usually carries excessive photon energy for collective excitations in condensed matter systems, THz light allows for direct coupling to low-energy (meV scale) excitations of interest, The development of light sources of strong-field few-cycle THz pulses in the 2000s opened the door to controlled manipulation of reactions and processes. Such THz pulses can drive new dynamic states of matter, in which materials exhibit properties entirely different from that of the equilibrium. In this review, we first systematically analyze known studies on matter manipulation with strong-field few-cycle THz light and outline some anticipated new results. We focus on how properties of materials can be manipulated by driving the dynamics of different excitations and how molecules and particles can be controlled in useful ways by extreme THz light. Around 200 studies are examined, most of which were done during the last five years. Secondly, we discuss available and proposed sources of strong-field few-cycle THz pulses and their state-of-the-art operation parameters. Finally, we review current approaches to guiding, focusing, reshaping and diagnostics of THz pulses. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V