Some Connections About Rad_g-lifting Modules

      ناقشنا في هذا العمل علاقات معينة بين فكرة مقاسات الرفع من النمط -والعديد من أنواع المقاسات الأخرى ذات العلاقة، وضحنا تلك العلاقات، وقدمنا معايير تجعل هذه المقاسات قابلة للمقارنة مع مقاسات الرفع من النمط -.In this work, we discussed certain relationships between the idea of -lifting modules and many other related types of modules, explained these relationships and provided criteria that make these modules comparable to -lifting modules. CONCLUSION       It has addressed to the concept of -lifting and other related types of modules and analyze the relations between these different kinds of modules like g-local, ⨁-g-supplemented, g-supplemented, sgrs-modules, -module, ()-modules etc. The necessary conditions have been set to achieve equivalence between them and thus obtained equivalent definitions to the -lifting definition within certain conditions

Experimental Evaluation of the Punching Shear Strength of Interior Slab-column Connections with Different Shear Reinforcement Details

This research aims to evaluate the effect of using different shear reinforcement details on the punching shear behavior of interior slab column connections. A comprehensive experimental program is conducted on sixteen specimens having the same concrete dimensions of 1100×1100×160 mm where the slab depth is chosen to be less than that stipulated by different design codes. The parameters under examination were the type of shear reinforcement arranged in a cross shape perpendicular to the column edges (single leg, multi-leg, and closed stirrups), the spacing between stirrups (25 and 50 mm), and the extended length covered by the stirrups (300 and 425 mm). Experimental results showed that slabs reinforced with multi-leg or closed stirrups, even for slabs with a thickness of 160 mm, had an increase in the shear capacity by up to 40% depending on the stirrup amount. A noticeable enhancement in ductility was also observed. Slabs reinforced with vertical single-leg stirrups did not exhibit any improvements. A finite element analysis was conducted to further assess the punching shear behavior of the tested specimens. A comparison between the test results and values obtained using design codes such as ACI 318-19 and ECP 203-2018 showed that the two design codes give a rather underestimated prediction of the punching shear capacity. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-09-015 Full Text: PD

Mutations in SLC39A14 disrupt manganese homeostasis and cause childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia.

Although manganese is an essential trace metal, little is known about its transport and homeostatic regulation. Here we have identified a cohort of patients with a novel autosomal recessive manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. Excessive accumulation of manganese in these patients results in rapidly progressive childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia with distinctive brain magnetic resonance imaging appearances and neurodegenerative features on post-mortem examination. We show that mutations in SLC39A14 impair manganese transport in vitro and lead to manganese dyshomeostasis and altered locomotor activity in zebrafish with CRISPR-induced slc39a14 null mutations. Chelation with disodium calcium edetate lowers blood manganese levels in patients and can lead to striking clinical improvement. Our results demonstrate that SLC39A14 functions as a pivotal manganese transporter in vertebrates.Action Medical ResearchThis is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1160

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Perspective Chapter: The Toxic Silver (Hg)

In the late 1950s, residents of a Japanese fishing village known as “Minamata” began falling ill and dying at an alarming rate. The Japanese authorities stated that methyl-mercury-rich seafood and shellfish caused the sickness. Burning fossil fuels represent ≈52.7% of Hg emissions. The majorities of mercury’s compounds are volatile and thus travel hundreds of miles with wind before being deposited on the earth’s surface. High acidity and dissolved organic carbon increase Hg-mobility in soil to enter the food chain. Additionally, Hg is taken up by areal plant parts via gas exchange. Mercury has no identified role in plants while exhibiting high affinity to form complexes with soft ligands such as sulfur and this consequently inactivates amino acids and sulfur-containing antioxidants. Long-term human exposure to Hg leads to neurotoxicity in children and adults, immunological, cardiac, and motor reproductive and genetic disorders. Accordingly, remediating contaminated soils has become an obligation. Mercury, like other potentially toxic elements, is not biodegradable, and therefore, its remediation should encompass either removal of Hg from soils or even its immobilization. This chapter discusses Hg’s chemical behavior, sources, health dangers, and soil remediation methods to lower Hg levels

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase‑negative Staphylococci from Bovine Mastitis Milk with Detection of Interleukins in Milk and Serum of Infected Cows

Staphylococci are the most typical bacteria found in cattle with mastitis, either Staphylococcus aureus or coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS). The study’s goal was to determine the prevalence of Staphylococci in bovine mastitis, the antimicrobial profile, and evaluate the concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) related to the inflammatory response in clinical mastitis by ELISA. S. aureus (54%) and CNS (19%) were detected in 400 samples of milk from both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. The S. aureus isolates revealed higher resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (98.1%), cefotaxime (88.9%), erythromycin (63.2%), cefuroxime (63%), and tetracycline (61.1%). Furthermore, the CNS isolates showed high resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by ampicillin (94.7%), cefotaxime (89.5%), erythromycin (79.6%), cefuroxime (89.5%), and tetracycline (73.7%). However, the high susceptibility of S. aureus and CNS was observed to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, Cows with clinical mastitis reported high levels of IL-6 in both their serum and their milk. While they have much lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 than normal ones (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, it is recommended that laboratory results be carefully interpreted to avoid antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococci that is not clinically relevant and to ensure the advisable use of antimicrobials. Also, further study on the application of interleukins as therapeutic agents against bovine mastitis should be considered.

Virulotyping and Antibiograms of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Calves Suffering from Diarrhea

Escherichia coli is an important cause of diarrhea in calves and has negative economic effects on the livestock industry worldwide due to high mortality and reduced growth rate. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in 120 fecal samples from diarrheic mixed-sex neonatal calves, molecular detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance testing. The high occurrence of E. coli (90/120; 75%) was detected in diarrheic calves. The molecular detection of virulence genes (iron, papc, asta, iuta, omp, hyl and iuc) showed that the high occurrence of astA (78.8%), iucD (66.6%), and papC (64.4%) genes in examined strains, while only 19 strains devoid of virulence genes. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates showed absolute resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by streptomycin (95.5%), tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin and chloramphenicol (77.7% each). In the other hand, strains revealed high rates of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (80%) and enrofloxacin (77.8%).  The multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains were determined as 77.7% (70/90) and the most identified antimicrobial resistance patterns in 31 strains was C, S, CN, N, TET, AM, SXT. Also, the identified antibiotypes had MAR index values ranged from 0.1 to 0.9. The results of current study indicate the importance of routine monitoring of E. coli isolated from diarrhetic calves to reduce the transmission to humans and animals as well as to select the most appropriate antibiotics. The antibiograms in our study emphasizes the risks associated with the random use of antibiotics.

Genetic Diversity of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Retail Markets Milk by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR)

Public health is at risk because Streptococcus agalactiae is increasingly linked to incidences of bovine mastitis in Egypt. In this study, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) were used to explore the genotyping of several antibiotic resistant Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis and retail milk. Also, antimicrobial resistance genes were detected. Two hundred and sixty-six (46.7%) strains were isolated from samples of milk obtained from cases of bovine mastitis in dairy farms and retail markets representing 34 (5.96%) Streptococcus agalactiae and 232 (40.7%) other Streptococcus species strains based bacterial identification. By using of disc diffusion assays, it was examined the susceptibility of all Streptococcus isolates to twelve antimicrobial agents. The   highest prevalence of resistance of Streptococcus species was observed against ampicillin (65.5%), amoxicillin (56%), tetracycline (52.5%), ofloxacin (47.8%), and nitrofurantoin (46.9%). High proportion of the S. agalactiae isolates were resistance to amoxicillin (83%), followed by tetracycline (82.4%), nitrofurantoin (64.7%), azithromycin (61.8%), and ampicillin (50%). Most (88.2%) of S. agalactiae showed multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) phenotypes with MAR index of 0.1-0.7 and 28 different MAR patterns. The results of genetic antimicrobial resistance of S. agalactiae strains revealed amplification of blaTEM (23%) and blaCTX (26%) genes in β-lactam-resistant strains, erm(B) gene (20%), mef(A) (35%) in macrolides resistant isolates, and tet(M) in  (44%) tetracycline resistant strains. Using ERIC-PCR, the present study showed the genetic diversity and heterogeneity among S. agalactiae strains (n=34) that were classified into 19 distinct ERIC-PCR groups (A–S).  Between them, ERIC O (20.6%, 7) was the most widespread group. These results indicated that milk samples served as source of MAR S. agalactiae, consequently posing threats to public health, so the improvement of the hygiene regimen on the farms and promotion of the wise use of antimicrobials are necessary. The obtained findings showed that milk samples were a source of MAR S. agalactiae, endangering public health. As a result, it is essential to enhance farm hygiene practices and promote the responsible use of antimicrobials. Additional research on the epidemiology of S. agalactiae is required to add bacterial genetic information in order to help in rational vaccine strategy in the future

Virulotyping and Antibiograms of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Calves Suffering from Diarrhea

Escherichia coli is an important cause of diarrhea in calves and has negative economic effects on the livestock industry worldwide due to high mortality and reduced growth rate. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in 120 fecal samples from diarrheic mixed-sex neonatal calves, molecular detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance testing. The high occurrence of E. coli (90/120; 75%) was detected in diarrheic calves. The molecular detection of virulence genes (iron, papc, asta, iuta, omp, hyl and iuc) showed that the high occurrence of astA (78.8%), iucD (66.6%), and papC (64.4%) genes in examined strains, while only 19 strains devoid of virulence genes. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates showed absolute resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by streptomycin (95.5%), tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin and chloramphenicol (77.7% each). In the other hand, strains revealed high rates of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (80%) and enrofloxacin (77.8%).  The multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains were determined as 77.7% (70/90) and the most identified antimicrobial resistance patterns in 31 strains was C, S, CN, N, TET, AM, SXT. Also, the identified antibiotypes had MAR index values ranged from 0.1 to 0.9. The results of current study indicate the importance of routine monitoring of E. coli isolated from diarrhetic calves to reduce the transmission to humans and animals as well as to select the most appropriate antibiotics. The antibiograms in our study emphasizes the risks associated with the random use of antibiotics.