The Federal Disproportionate Minority Contact Mandate: An Examination of Its Effectiveness in Reducing Racial Disparities in Juvenile Justice

This paper challenges the effectiveness of the federal Disproportionate Minority Contact mandate. It first traces the legislative history of the mandate, from the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974, to the establishment of the Disproportionate Minority Confinement mandate of 1988, to the final shift to Disproportionate Minority Contact in 2002. It then describes and analyzes implementation of the mandate in the New England states, showing uneven data collection and limited compliance with the mandate. The next chapter explores factors outside the jurisdiction of the DMC mandate that create and perpetuate racial disparities in juvenile justice, including concentrated poverty, police tactics driven in part by federal initiatives, and school disciplinary policies. Ultimately, this paper reports that racial disparities in arrests of juveniles have increased significantly- not declined- during the life of the mandate. It then discusses the limits of federal legislation in remedying racial disparities in juvenile justice

Temporomandibular joint remodeling for the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a clinical case study

Introduction: The author (R. Wurgaft) has tried a unique way of splint therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder. An orthopedic splint that only contact in the posterior occlusion, actually only the most distal contacts, is designed to distalize the mandible, and in turn to produce tissue remodeling of the temporomandibular joint. With this technique, it is possible to treat temporomandibular disorders in both adults and children by producing tissue remodeling. Method: Two clinical cases using this technique were performed. Result: improvement in temporomandibular disorder was obtained. Conclusion: It is possible for orthopedic splint with medial and posterior contacts only to produce TMJ remodeling in young and adult patients and to improve the TMD. Further clinical studies are warranted.published_or_final_versio

Febre tifóide em escolares de estratos sócio-econômicos baixo e alto

The relationship between the hygienic habits of children who had typhoid fever (TF) who had recently begun attending school and their family group, is assessed. It is supposed that children, independently of their SES, acquired TF because of inadequate habits which facilitated the oral-fecal cycle. The sample was formed of 40 child-mother dyads: 20 of low SES (group A) and 20 of high SES (group B), the child of each of which had had TF. Results showed that the hygienic habits of children with respect to the oral-fecal cycle, their perception of school toilet cleanliness as well as the mothers' explanation of their children's hygienic habits is very similar in the two groups. The importance of these results is that the SES is seem to be irrelevant in the case of TF but that the hygienic habits of the children are of importance. Public health policy should be modified to include the teaching of proper hygienic habits (oral-fecal cycle).Objetiva-se estudar e avaliar os hábitos de higiene de crianças que já freqüentavam escola por um ou dois anos e que recentemente tiveram febre tifóide. Levantou-se a hipótese de que as crianças, independentemente do nível socio-ecômico, teriam adquirido febre tifóide devido as seus inadequados hábitos de higiene, os quais facilitariam o ciclo fecal-oral. A amostra foi formada por 40 diadas (mãe-filho): 20 de baixo nível sócio-econômico (grupo A) e 20 de alto nível sócio-econômico (grupo B) que haviam tido febre tifóide. Os resultados indicaram que os hábitos de higiene das crianças em relação ao ciclo fecal-oral, as observações sobre a limpeza do toalete e as explicações das mães a respeito dos hábitos higiênicos de seus filhos, são muito semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Os resultados sugerem ser irrelevante o nível sócio-econômico, no caso da febre tifóide, mas que os hábitos de higiene são importantes. Sugere-se que as políticas de saúde pública sejam modificadas, incluindo o ensino de hábitos de higiene adequados, principalmente aqueles que se referem ao ciclo fecal-oral

Particle triggered reactions as an important mechanism of alkalinity and inorganic carbon removal in river plumes

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(11), (2021): e2021GL093178, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093178.The effects of heterogeneous reactions between river-borne particles and the carbonate system were studied in the plumes of the Mississippi and Brazos rivers. Measurements within these plumes revealed significant removal of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA). After accounting for all known DIC and TA sinks and sources, heterogeneous reactions (i.e., heterogeneous CaCO3 precipitation and cation exchange between adsorbed and dissolved ions) were found to be responsible for a significant fraction of DIC and TA removal, exceeding 10% and 90%, respectively, in the Mississippi and Brazos plume waters. This finding was corroborated by laboratory experiments, in which the seeding of seawater with the riverine particles induced the removal of the DIC and TA. The combined results demonstrate that heterogeneous reactions may represent an important controlling mechanism of the seawater carbonate system in particle-rich coastal areas and may significantly impact the coastal carbon cycle.This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Bi-National Science Foundation U.S-Israel award number OCE-BSF 1635388.2021-11-2

Evidence for microbial iron reduction in the methanic sediments of the oligotrophic southeastern Mediterranean continental shelf

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Vigderovich, H., Liang, L., Herut, B., Wang, F., Wurgaft, E., Rubin-Blum, M., & Sivan, O. Evidence for microbial iron reduction in the methanic sediments of the oligotrophic southeastern Mediterranean continental shelf. Biogeosciences, 16(16), (2019): 3165-3181, doi: 10.5194/bg-16-3165-2019.Dissimilatory iron reduction is probably one of the oldest types of metabolisms that still participates in important biogeochemical cycles, such as those of carbon and sulfur. It is one of the more energetically favorable anaerobic microbial respiration processes and is usually coupled to the oxidation of organic matter. Traditionally this process is thought to be limited to the shallow part of the sedimentary column in most aquatic systems. However, iron reduction has also been observed in the methanic zone of many marine and freshwater sediments, well below its expected zone and occasionally accompanied by decreases in methane, suggesting a link between the iron and the methane cycles. Nevertheless, the mechanistic nature of this link (competition, redox or other) has yet to be established and has not been studied in oligotrophic shallow marine sediments. In this study we present combined geochemical and molecular evidences for microbial iron reduction in the methanic zone of the oligotrophic southeastern (SE) Mediterranean continental shelf. Geochemical porewater profiles indicate iron reduction in two zones, the uppermost part of the sediment, and the deeper zone, in the layer of high methane concentration. Results from a slurry incubation experiment indicate that the deep methanic iron reduction is microbially mediated. The sedimentary profiles of microbial abundance and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of the mcrA gene, together with Spearman correlation between the microbial data and Fe(II) concentrations in the porewater, suggest types of potential microorganisms that may be involved in the iron reduction via several potential pathways: H2 or organic matter oxidation, an active sulfur cycle, or iron-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane. We suggest that significant upward migration of methane in the sedimentary column and its oxidation by sulfate may fuel the microbial activity in the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ). The biomass created by this microbial activity can be used by the iron reducers below, in the methanic zone of the sediments of the SE Mediterranean.This study was supported by the joint grant of Israel Science Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (ISF-NSFC) (grant numbers 31661143022 (FW) and 2561/16 (OS)). Funding was provided to Hanni Vigderovich by the Mediterranean Sea Research Center of Israel

Pump it Up workshop report

Workshop held 28-29 September 2017, Cape Cod, MAA two-day workshop was conducted to trade ideas and brainstorm about how to advance our understanding of the ocean’s biological pump. The goal was to identify the most important scientific issues that are unresolved but might be addressed with new and future technological advances

From Romantic Gothic to Victorian Medievalism: 1817 and 1877

"The Cambridge History of the Gothic was conceived in 2015, when Linda Bree, then Editorial Director at Cambridge University Press, first suggested the idea to us