Trabajo Social con poblaciones receptoras de inmigrantes: un modelo cuasi-experimental para fomentar actitudes multiculturales.

Este artículo forma parte de un proyecto transnacional entre España, Portugal, Italia y Grecia, subvencionado por el Programa de Desarrollo Tecnológico del Gobierno Autonómico Valenciano, que tiene como objetivo el fomento de actitudes tolerantes hacia inmigrantes en el sistema educativo. Se ha diseñado un modelo llamado EUROSUR que, puesto a prueba a través de experimentación, obtiene resultados satístactorios. La hipótesis principal es que el factor conocimiento (información a través de tres vías: audiovisual, escrita y oral) es una variable independiente determinante para atenuar e incluso modificar en los jóvenes la configuración de prejuicios racistas ante los inmigrantes. Los resultados evidencian cambios desde actitudes reaccionarias hacia otras más tolerantes, en los grupos experimentale

Relevant aspects of piranha passivation in Ti6Al4V alloy dental meshes

Passivation of titanium alloy dental meshes cleans their surface and forms a thin layer of protective oxide (TiO2) on the surface of the material to improve resistance to corrosion and prevent release of ions to the physiological environment. The most common chemical agent for the passivation process of titanium meshes is hydrochloric acid (HCl). In this work, we introduce the use of Piranha solution (H2SO4 and H2O2) as a passivating and bactericidal agent for metallic dental meshes. Meshes of grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) were tested after different treatments: as-received control (Ctr), passivated by HCl, and passivated by Piranha solution. Physical-chemical characterization of all treated surfaces was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy and sessile drop goniometry to assess meshes’ topography, elemental composition, roughness, wettability and surface free energy, that is, relevant properties with potential effects for the biological response of the material. Moreover, open circuit potential and potentiodynamic tests were carried out to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the differently-treated meshes under physiological conditions. Ion release tests were conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The antibacterial activity by prevention of bacterial adhesion tests on the meshes was performed for two different bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-) and Streptococcus sanguinis (Gram+). Additionally, a bacterial viability study was performed with the LIVE/DEAD test. We complemented the antibacterial study by counting cells attached to the surface of the meshes visualized by SEM. Our results showed that the passivation of titanium meshes with Piranha solution improved their hydrophilicity and conferred a notably higher bactericidal activity in comparison with the meshes passivated with HCl. This unique response can be attributed to differences in the obtained nanotextures of the TiO2 layer. However, Piranha solution treatment decreased electrochemical stability and increased ion release as a result of the porous coating formed on the treated surfaces, which can compromise their corrosion resistance. Framed by the limitations of this work, we conclude that using Piranha solution is a viable alternative method for passivating titanium dental meshes with beneficial antibacterial properties that merits further validation for its translation as a treatment applied to clinically-used meshes.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Search for reservoirs of `Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum¿ and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops

[EN] Currently, the main arthropod vectored pathogens associated with carrot and celery crop diseases are EiCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearumA ', Spiroplasma citri and different phytoplasma species. Mitigation strategies require elucidating whether these pathogens survive in the weeds of these Apiaceae crops, which can act as reservoirs. Weed surveys were conducted in a vegetative cycle (April to October 2012) in the spontaneous vegetation that surrounded crops affected by EiCa. L. solanacearumA ', S. citri and/or phytoplasmas. Sixty-three species of 53 genera that belong to 23 botanical families were collected in the main carrot and celery Spanish production area. Species were identified, estimating coverage and abundance, and conserved in herbarium. Samples were analysed by nested-PCR with universal primers for phytoplasmas detection, and were sequenced for identification purposes; by conventional PCR for S. citri and real-time PCR for EiCa. L. solanacearumA '. The only detected pathogens were EiCa. Phytoplasma trifoliiA ' (clover proliferation group 16Sr VI-A) in Amaranthus blitoides and Setaria adhaerens and EiCa. P. solaniA ' (stolbur group 16Sr XII-A) in Convolvulus arvensis. These pathogens were also sporadically detected in celery or carrot crops. Unexpectedly, neither EiCa. L. solanacearumA ' nor S. citri was detected in the weed samples, despite the relatively high prevalence of these pathogens (less than 66 % and 25 %, respectively) in the surveyed plots. This suggests that weeds do not play an epidemiological role as reservoirs in the spread of such organisms in the studied region. The use of pathogen-free seed lots and the control of vectors are crucial for preventing the introduction and spread of these economical important pathogens to new areas.This work has been supported by grant INIA (RTA2011-00142). G.R. Teresani was the recipient of a PhD grant from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Ministerio de Educacao, Brazil. This paper is dedicated to the memory of F.J. Villaescusa (1981-2011). The technical support of S. Sanjuan and J.C. Ferrandiz from Agricola Villena Coop. V. is acknowledged.Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Verdeguer Sancho, MM.; Rodríguez-León, F.; Ibañez, I.; Hernández, D.; Teresani, GR.; Bertolini, E.... (2017). Search for reservoirs of `Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum¿ and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 147(1):15-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0984-915201471Alfaro-Fernández, A., Cebrián, M. C., Villaescusa, F. J., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., Ferrándiz, J. C., Sanjuán, S., & Font, M. I. (2012). First report of ˋCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearum´ in carrots in mainland Spain. Plant Disease, 96, 582.Bertaccini, A., & Duduk, B. (2009). Phytoplasma and phytoplasma disease: a review of recent research. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 48, 355–378.Bertolini, E., Teresani, G. R., Loiseau, M., Tanaka, F. A. O., Barbé, S., Martínez, C., Gentit, P., López, M. M., & Cambrá, M. (2015). Transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in carrot seeds. Plant Pathology, 64, 276–285.Bové, J. M. (1986). Stubborn and its natural transmission in the Mediterranean area and the near east. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34, 15–23.Bové J. M., Fos A., Lallemand J., Raie A., Ali Y., Ahmed N. (1988). Epidemiology of Spiroplasma citri in the old world. In: L. W. Timmer, S.M. Garnsey, L. Navarro, eds. Proceedings of the 10th International Organization of Citrus Virologist Conference, (295–299). Riverside, USA. (www.iocv.org/proceedings).Braun-Blanquet, J. (1932). Plant sociology: the study of plant communities (439 pp). New York: McGraw-Hill.Carretero, J. L. (2004). Flora arvense española (754 pp). Valencia: Las malas hierbas de los cultivos españoles. Phytoma Ed.Cebrián, M. C., Villaescusa, F. J., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Hermoso De Mendoza, A., Córdoba- Sellés, M. C., Jordá, C., Ferrándiz, J. C., Sanjuán, S., & Font, M. I. (2010). First report of Spiroplasma citri in carrot in Europe. Plant Disease, 94, 1264.Davis, R. M., & Raid, R. N. (2002). Compendium of Umbelliferous crop disease (110 pp).American Phytopathological SocietyEmber, I., Acs, Z., Munyaneza, J. E., Crosslin, J. M., & Kolber, M. (2011). Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Rusia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130, 367–377.Fialová, R., Valová, P., Balakishiyevá, G., Danet, J. L., Safarová, D., Foissac, X., & Navratil, M. (2009). Genetic variability of stolbur phytoplasma in anual crop and wild plant species in South Moravia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91, 411–416.Fujiwara, K. (1987). Aims and methods of phytosociology or "vegetation science", Papers on plant ecology and taxonomy to the memory of Dr. Satoshi Nakanishi. pp. 607–628.Green, M. J., Thompson, D. A., & MacKenzie, D. J. (1999). Easy and efficient DNA extraction from Woody plants for the detection of Phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 83, 482–485.Gundersen, D. E., & Lee, I. M. (1996). Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested- PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 144–151.Haapalanien, M. (2014). Biology and epidemics of Candidatus Liberibacter species, psyllid-transmitted plant-pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Applied Biology, 165, 172–198.Herbario de la Universidad Pública de Navarra. (2012). http://www.unavarra.es/herbario. Accessed 2012.Herbario Virtual del Mediterráneo Occidental. (2012). http://herbarivirtual.uib.es/. Accessed 2012.Flora Ibérica. (2012). http://www.floraiberica.org/. Accessed 2012.Jomantiene, R., Maas, J. L., Dally, E. L., Davis, R. E., & Postman, J. D. (1999). First report of clover proliferation Phytoplasma in strawberry. Plant Disease, 83, 967.Jomantiene, R., Postman, J. D., Montano, H. G., Maas, J. L., Davis, R. E., & Johnson, K. B. (2000). First report of clover yellow edge Phytoplasma in Corylus (hazelnut). Plant Disease, 84, 102.Lee, I. M., Gundersen-Rindal, D. E., Davis, R. E., & Bartoszyk, I. M. (1998). Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 48, 1153–1169.Lee, I. M., Dane, R. A., & Black, M. C. (2001). First report of a member of Aster yellows Phytoplasma group and of clover proliferation Phytoplasma group associated with onion in Texas. Plant Disease, 85, 448.Lee, I. M., Bottner, K. D., Miklas, P. N., & Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (2004). Clover proliferation group (16SrVI) subgroup a (16SrVI-A) Phytoplasma is a probable causal agent of dry bean Phyllody disease in Washington. Plant Disease, 88, 429–429.Mateo, G., & Crespo, M. (2009). Manual Para la determinación de la flora valenciana (4ª ed.507 pp). Alicante: Librería Compás.Ed.Murphy, A. F., Cating, R. A., Goyer, A., Hamm, P. B., & Rondon, S. I. (2014). First report of natural infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) in the Columbia Basin of eastern Oregon. Plant Disease, 94, 1425.Nejat, N., Vadamalai, G., & Dickinson, M. (2011). Spiroplasma citri: a wide host range phytopathogen. Plant Pathology Journal, 10, 46–56.Schneider, B., Seemüller, E., Smart, C. D., & Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1995). Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or phytoplasmas. In S. Razin & J. G. Tully (Eds.), Molecular and diagnostic procedures in mycoplasmology (Vol. Vol.I, pp. 369–380). San Diego: Academic Press.Teresani, G., Bertolini, E., Alfaro-Fernandez, A., Martínez, C., Tanaka, F. A., Kitajima, E., Rosello, M., Sanjuan, S., Ferrandiz, J. C., López, M. M., Cambra, M., & Font-San-Ambrosio, M. I. (2014). Association of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real-time PCR method for its detection. Phytopahology, 104, 804–811.Teresani, G., Hernández, E., Bertolini, E., Siverio, F., Marroquín, C., Molina, J., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., & Cambra, M. (2015). Search for potencial vectors of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’: population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, e10–002.Flora Vascular. (2012). http://www.floravascular.com/. Accessed 2012.Weed Science Society of America. (2012). http://wssa.net/weed/weed-identification/. Accessed 2012.Yokomi, R. K., Mello, A. F. S., Saponari, M., & Fletcher, J. (2008). Polymerase chain reactionbased detection of Spiroplasma citri associated with citrus stubborn disease. Plant Disease, 92, 253–260

PPARγ contributes to PKM2 and HK2 expression in fatty liver

Rapidly proliferating cells promote glycolysis in aerobic conditions, to increase growth rate. Expression of specific glycolytic enzymes, namely pyruvate kinase M2 and hexokinase 2, concurs to this metabolic adaptation, as their kinetics and intracellular localization favour biosynthetic processes required for cell proliferation. Intracellular factors regulating their selective expression remain largely unknown. Here we show that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription factor and nuclear hormone receptor contributes to selective pyruvate kinase M2 and hexokinase 2 gene expression in PTEN-null fatty liver. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression, liver steatosis, shift to aerobic glycolysis and tumorigenesis are under the control of the Akt2 kinase in PTEN-null mouse livers. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma binds to hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase M promoters to activate transcription. In vivo rescue of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity causes liver steatosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Our data suggest that therapies with the insulin-sensitizing agents and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists, thiazolidinediones, may have opposite outcomes depending on the nutritional or genetic origins of liver steatosis

Estudio de la flora arvense como posible reservorio natural de agentes implicados en el nuevo problema fitosanitario que afecta a los cultivos de apio y zanahoria en Villena (Alicante)

Resumen: En primavera de 2008 apareció una nueva patología en cultivos de apio (Apium graveolens) y zanahoria (Daucus carota) de la empresa Agrícola Villena Coop. V de Villena (Alicante). que provocó importantes pérdidas en ambos cultivos. Con el fin de identificar posibles reservorios naturales de los agentes implicados en su desarrollo, se tomaron muestras de las especias arvenses presentes en campos de apio y zanahoria y sus alrededores y se realizaron análisis moleculares para la detección de fitoplasmas, Spiroplasma citri y “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum”. Se procesaron 135 muestras de flora arvense, algunas presentaban alteraciones en su desarrollo, pero la gran mayoría eran asintomáticas. Se identificaron 58 especies pertenecientes a 23 familias. De los tres agentes fitopatógenos analizados, únicamente se detectaron fitoplasmas en Setaria adhaerens y Amaranthus blitoides

Diseño de una rúbrica para la obtención de criterios de evaluación de los Trabajos Final de Grado de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural

[EN] The present paper includes some results obtained in the context of the teaching innovation project "Tools for the planning, realization and assesment of the Bachelor’s Degree Thesis (BDT)". The project aims to solve the problems that students, advisors and members of the evaluation board have to face in terms of the assesment of the BDT, providing evaluation tools (rubrics). At present, there are no clear and objective criteria for assessing the BDTs, and their evaluation sometimes is submitted to the subjective assessment of the members of the board. What is more, at the moment the formulary that is used to evaluate the transversal UPV outcomes is more complete and detailed than the one used for the evaluation of the BDT. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a document named as " Bachelor’s Degree Thesis Guide" , which will provide tools for an adequate and optimal planning and evaluation of BDTs. One of the key points of the project has been the elaboration of a rubric with measurable indicators that facilitate and clarify the evaluation of the BDTs. This rubric will be distributed among the different interested groups (professors, students and academic boards) to improve and validate it.[ES] El presente trabajo recoge parte de los resultados obtenidos en el marco del proyecto de innovación docente “Herramientas para la planificación, realización y valoración de los Trabajo Fin de Grado (TFGs)”. Se pretende resolver la problemática a la que se enfrenta el alumnado, los tutores y los tribunales en cuanto a los criterios de valoración de los TFGs, aportando herramientas para su evaluación (rúbricas). Actualmente, no existen unos criterios claros y objetivos para la evaluación de los TFGs, quedando en ocasiones su calificación sometida a valoraciones subjetivas, por parte del tribunal evaluador. Así, es más detallado el documento para la evaluación de las competencias trasversales que el utilizado para la evaluación del TFG. Por tanto, es necesario desarrollar un documento “Guía del Trabajo Fin de Grado”, que proporcione instrumentos para una adecuada y óptima planificación y evaluación de los TFGs. Uno de los puntos clave del proyecto, ha sido la elaboración de una rúbrica con indicadores medibles que faciliten y clarifiquen la evaluaciónn de los TFGs. Dicha rúbrica, se pasará a los diferentes grupos de interés (profesorado, alumnado y comisiones académicas) para mejorarla y validarla.Verdeguer Sancho, MM.; Llorens Molina, JA.; García Breijo, FJ.; Rosello Caselles, J.; García Prats, A.; Rubio Michavila, C.; Vargas Colás, MD.... (2017). Diseño de una rúbrica para la obtención de criterios de evaluación de los Trabajos Final de Grado de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural. En In-Red 2017. III Congreso Nacional de innovación educativa y de docencia en red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1164-1171. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2017.2017.6782OCS1164117

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression during macrophage differentiation and M1/M2 polarization

Monocytes and macrophages constitute the first line of defense of the immune system against external pathogens. Macrophages have a highly plastic phenotype depending on environmental conditions; the extremes of this phenotypic spectrum are a pro-inflammatory defensive role (M1 phenotype) and an anti-inflammatory tissue-repair one (M2 phenotype). The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins have important roles in the regulation of several cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity. In this study we have analyzed the differential expression of the IAPs, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2, during macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 or M2. In polarized THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages, NAIP is abundantly expressed in M2 macrophages, while cIAP1 and cIAP2 show an inverse pattern of expression in polarized macrophages, with elevated expression levels of cIAP1 in M2 and cIAP2 preferentially expressed in M1. Interestingly, treatment with the IAP antagonist SMC-LCL161, induced the upregulation of NAIP in M2, the downregulation of cIAP1 in M1 and M2 and an induction of cIAP2 in M1 macrophages.This work was supported by Universidad de Granada, Plan Propio 2015;#P3B: FAM, VMC (http://investigacion.ugr.es/pages/planpropio/2015/ resoluciones/p3b_def_28072015); Universidad de Granada CEI BioTic;#CAEP2-84: VMC (http:// biotic.ugr.es/pages/resolucionprovisional enseaanzapractica22demayo/!); and Canadian nstitutes of Health Research;#231421, #318176, #361847: STB, ECL, RK (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc. ca/e/193.html). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript