Geophysical study of four possible impact structures localized in the Parnaíba basin and geological/geophysical detail of the Serra da Cangalha structure/TO

Orientadores: Alvaro Penteado Crósta, Eder Cassola MolinaAcompanhado de 2 mapas (folhas soltas dobradas), acondicionados em bolsoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de GeociênciasResumo: A Bacia sedimentar do Parnaíba abriga em seus domínios diversas estruturas circulares, das quais algumas têm sua origem atribuída a impactos meteoríticos sem que, no entanto, haja evidências comprobatórias. Esta tese aborda um estudo das assinaturas geofísicas das estruturas de São Miguel do Tapuio (SMT), Santa Marta (SM), Riachão (Ria) e Serra da Cangalha (SdC) utilizando dados aerogeofísicos de baixa resolução com o intuito de compará-las com outras crateras meteoríticas similares. Aborda também estudos geofísicos, utilizando dados aéreos de alta resolução e terrestres das estruturas de SdC e Ria, além de estudos geológicos de detalhe da estrutura de SdC, duas feições circulares com diâmetros de ~13 km (SdC) e ~4 km (Ria) localizadas nos estados de Tocantins e Maranhão, respectivamente. Os resultados fornecidos pelos métodos geofísicos mostram que a estrutura de SMT exibe alto magnético e assinatura gravimétrica variável, características estas não compatíveis com o padrão de estruturas de impacto similares; SM apresenta anomalia magnética negativa e gravimétrica positiva, características compatíveis com origem por impacto; Ria exibe altos magnético e gravimétrico na região central, e anomalia gamaespectrométrica circular com abundância de K, Th e U em sua porção central. Apesar da assinatura gravimétrica de Ria não ser claramente diagnóstica, a assinatura magnética é semelhante às de crateras de impacto similares. A estrutura de SdC apresenta anomalia gravimétrica da ordem de 1 mGal e dados aeromagnéticos mostram que o embasamento está a uma profundidade média de ~1,9 km, diminuindo para cerca de 500 a 1000 metros em sua porção central. Dados gamaespectrométricos revelam altos valores de K, Th e U no núcleo soerguido e alto Th e U na região externa próximo ao limite da cratera. Do ponto de vista morfo-estrutural SdC é constituída por núcleo soerguido que tem ~5,8 km de diâmetro e que possui em seu interior proeminente colar com ~3 km de diâmetro. Dados estruturais de campo, associados com análises de imagens de sensoriamento remoto, revelam WNW-ESE como a principal direção de deformação além de camadas invertidas preferencialmente concentradas no setor noroeste do colar, o que sugere um impacto oblíquo de sul para norte. Feições de deformação por choque incluem shatter cones, feather features (FF), planar fractures (PF) e planar deformation features (PDF) formadas ao longo da direção (0001), indicando pressão de choque <10 GPa. Esse conjunto de feições foi encontrado principalmente nas brechas polimíticas e shatter cones da depressão central e comprova a origem por impacto meteorítico da estrutura de SdC. Finalmente, resultados obtidos pela modelagem numérica da formação de SdC indicam que ela foi formada por um bólido com diâmetro de 1,4 km, viajando a 12 km/s, resultando na formação de uma cratera com ~15 km de diâmetro que liberou energia da ordem de 2,74x1020 J, considerando um nível atual de erosão de aproximadamente 500 metrosAbstract: The sedimentary Parnaíba basin encompasses in its domains several circular structures, some of which have their origin attributed to meteoritic impacts without, however, diagnostic evidence. This thesis presents a study of the geophysical signatures of the São Miguel do Tapuio (SMT), Santa Marta (SM), Riachão (Ria) and Serra da Cangalha (SdC) structures using low-resolution geophysical data, in order to compare them with other similar meteorite impact structures. It also employs high-resolution aerogeophysical and ground geophysical data for the SdC and Ria structures, and detailed geological data from SdC. These are two circular features ~13 km (SdC) and ~4 km (Ria) in diameter, and which are located in the state of Tocantins and Maranhão, respectively. The results provided by geophysical methods show that SMT exhibits a high gravity and variable magnetic signature, which are not compatible with the patterns of similar sized impact structures; SM has a negative magnetic anomaly and positive gravity anomaly, which is compatible with other impact structures; Ria exhibits high magnetic and gravity in the central region, and a circular gamma-ray anomaly with high levels of K, Th and U in the center. Despite the fact that the gravity signature of Ria is not clearly comparable with that of other impact craters, the magnetic signature is similar to that of other craters. SdC shows a gravity anomaly of ~1 mGal and there is magnetic evidence that the basement rocks sit at ~1.9 km depth, decreasing to about 500 to 1000 meters depth in the central region of the structure. Gamma-ray data show high values of K, Th and U over the central uplift and high Th and U in the region near the outermost limit of the crater. Morpho-structural analysis indicates that SdC contains a central uplift ~ 5.8 km in diameter with a prominent collar ~ 3 km wide in its inner zone. Structural data associated with remote sensing images show WNW-ESE as the main direction of deformation as well as overturned layers preferentially concentrated in the northwestern sector of the collar, which suggest an oblique impact from south to north. Shock deformation features include shatter cones, feather features (FF), planar fractures (PF), and planar deformation features (PDF) formed along (0001), indicating the shock pressure experienced by the rocks of the central uplift to have been <10 GPa. These features have been found in polymict breccias and shatter coned samples from the central depression and provide definite evidence that SdC was formed by meteorite impact. Finally, numerical modeling indicates that a meteorite some 1.4 km in diameter and impacting at a velocity of 12 km/s could have formed the originally ~15 km diameter crater, releasing energy of 2.74x1020 J, assuming a current erosion level of approximately 500 metersDoutoradoGeologia e Recursos NaturaisDoutor em Ciência

Investigação geológica na porção central da estrutura de impacto meteorítico Santa Marta, Estado do Piauí, Brasil

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOSanta Marta is a 10 km wide, reasonably well preserved, complex impact structure located in southwestern Piaui state, northeastern Brazil, with a central uplift of 3.2 km diameter. The Santa Marta structure was recently recognized as the sixth confirmed i474673692FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO2012/50368-1, 2012/04191-2, 2012/04191-2,166948/2013-6, 305911/2013-

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora

We describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Withinplot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central–eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others