Strontium isotope evidence for the age of Eocene fossil whales of Kutch, western India

The Indian subcontinent is widely considered to be the birthplace of whales (Cetacea), and the middle Eocene Harudi Formation of Kutch has long been known to be a major source of early whales. The Kutch cetaceans are of critical importance in understanding the evolutionary transition of whales from land to sea. Strontium isotope analysis of marine biogenic carbonates from the Harudi Formation was conducted to obtain a numerical age of the whale-bearing strata. Although the measured <SUP>87</SUP>Sr/<SUP>86</SUP>Sr ratios (0.707742 to 0.707764) correspond to two distinct age clusters of 46-47.5 Ma or 41-42.5 Ma, we prefer the latter, late Lutetian, age cluster

Strontium isotope evidence for the age of Eocene fossil whales of Kutch, western India

The Indian subcontinent is widely considered to be the birthplace of whales (Cetacea), and the middle Eocene Harudi Formation of Kutch has long been known to be a major source of early whales. The Kutch cetaceans are of critical importance in understanding the evolutionary transition of whales from land to sea. Strontium isotope analysis of marine biogenic carbonates from the Harudi Formation was conducted to obtain a numerical age of the whale-bearing strata. Although the measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.707742 to 0.707764) correspond to two distinct age clusters of 46–47.5 Ma or 41–42.5 Ma, we prefer the latter, late Lutetian, age cluster

Continental igneous rock composition: A major control of past global chemical weathering

The composition of igneous rocks in the continental crust has changed throughout Earth’s history. However, the impact of these compositional variations on chemical weathering, and by extension on seawater and atmosphere evolution, is largely unknown. We use the strontium isotope ratio in seawater [((87)Sr/(86)Sr)(seawater)] as a proxy for chemical weathering, and we test the sensitivity of ((87)Sr/(86)Sr)(seawater) variations to the strontium isotopic composition ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) in igneous rocks generated through time. We demonstrate that the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio in igneous rocks is correlated to the epsilon hafnium (εHf) of their hosted zircon grains, and we use the detrital zircon record to reconstruct the evolution of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio in zircon-bearing igneous rocks. The reconstructed (87)Sr/(86)Sr variations in igneous rocks are strongly correlated with the ((87)Sr/(86)Sr)(seawater) variations over the last 1000 million years, suggesting a direct control of the isotopic composition of silicic magmatism on ((87)Sr/(86)Sr)(seawater) variations. The correlation decreases during several time periods, likely reflecting changes in the chemical weathering rate associated with paleogeographic, climatic, or tectonic events. We argue that for most of the last 1000 million years, the ((87)Sr/(86)Sr)(seawater) variations are responding to changes in the isotopic composition of silicic magmatism rather than to changes in the global chemical weathering rate. We conclude that the ((87)Sr/(86)Sr)(seawater) variations are of limited utility to reconstruct changes in the global chemical weathering rate in deep times