Correlation functions for extended mass galaxy clusters

The phenomenon of clustering of galaxies on the basis of correlation functions in an expanding Universe is studied by using equation of state, taking gravitational interaction between galaxies of extended nature into consideration. The partial differential equation for the extended mass structures of a two-point correlation function developed earlier by Iqbal, Ahmad and Khan is studied on the basis of assigned boundary conditions. The solution for the correlation function for extended structures satisfies the basic boundary conditions, which seem to be sufficient for understanding the phenomena, and provides a new insight into the gravitational clustering problem for extended mass structures.Comment: 3 pages, no figure

SOME EARLY ASTRONOMICAL SITES IN THE KASHMIR REGION

Abstract: We discuss a number of early rock art sites in the Kashmir Valley in northern India and neighbouring Pakistan, and suggest that some of these contain depictions of astronomical objects or events. The sites are in the Srinagar and Sopore regions and in or near the Ladakh region, and date to Neolithic or Upper Paleolithic times. Our studies suggest that during this period some of the ancient astronomers recorded supernovae, meteorite impacts, the Sun, the Moon and the seasons in their rock art

Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics Thermodynamical Model of the Universe

Abstract: We inquire in to the physics of a self gravitating medium in quasi-static equilibrium, using the phenomenological approach of thermodynamics. Gravitational galaxy clustering is statistical and its origin is dynamical one. Hence the aspects of clustering must be understood in order to arrive at a proper appreciation of the subject of the formation and evolution of the large scale structure of the universe. Long range gravitational forces modify the thermodynamic functions and equations of state. The thermodynamical model is discussed at many levels. First we discuss the importance of thermodynamics as applicable to the gravitational clustering problem and extend our remarks to study various thermodynamic functions like free energy, entropy, pressure, internal energy and others. The various results that we discuss have interested implications for the study of large scale structure in the universe.They support the view that an easy and simple approach can be made an alternative study while discussing the central issues of cosmology ”large scale structure of universe”

Probability of financial distress and proposed adoption of corporate governance structures: Evidence from Pakistan

This study examines the role of voluntary adoption of corporate governance mechanisms in mitigating the financial distress status of firms. Using the sample of 52 firms from non-financial sector listed at Karachi Stock Exchange and selecting time period of 10 years from 2006 to 2015, the study finds out the practices that are beneficial for firms and helps them in reducing the financial distress. Results of the study show that there is a negative significant relationship of blockholder ownership, director ownership and audit committee with the probability to financial distress. The causal relationship is also tested, and results show that voluntary adoption of corporate governance structures leads towards lower level of financial distress