Strongly ergodic actions have local spectral gap

We show that an ergodic measure preserving action $\Gamma \curvearrowright (X,\mu)$ of a discrete group $\Gamma$ on a $\sigma$-finite measure space $(X,\mu)$ satisfies the local spectral gap property (introduced by Boutonnet, Ioana and Salehi Golsefidy) if and only if it is strongly ergodic. In fact, we prove a more general local spectral gap criterion in arbitrary von Neumann algebras. Using this criterion, we also obtain a short and elementary proof of Connes' spectral gap theorem for full $\mathrm{II}_1$ factors as well as its recent generalization to full type $\mathrm{III}$ factors.Comment: 6 page

Solidity of type III Bernoulli crossed products

We generalize a theorem of Chifan and Ioana by proving that for any, possibly type III, amenable von Neumann algebra $A_0$, any faithful normal state $\varphi_0$ and any discrete group $\Gamma$, the associated Bernoulli crossed product von Neumann algebra $M=(A_0,\varphi_0)^{\mathbin{\bar{\otimes}}\Gamma}\rtimes \Gamma$ is solid relatively to $\mathcal{L}(\Gamma)$. In particular, if $\mathcal{L}(\Gamma)$ is solid then $M$ is solid and if $\Gamma$ is non-amenable and $A_0 \neq \mathbb{C}$ then $M$ is a full prime factor. This gives many new examples of solid or prime type $\mathrm{III}$ factors. Following Chifan and Ioana, we also obtain the first examples of solid non-amenable type $\mathrm{III}$ equivalence relations.Comment: 18 page

Stability of products of equivalence relations

An ergodic p.m.p. equivalence relation $\mathcal{R}$ is said to be stable if $\mathcal{R} \cong \mathcal{R} \times \mathcal{R}_0$ where $\mathcal{R}_0$ is the unique hyperfinite ergodic type $\mathrm{II}_1$ equivalence relation. We prove that a direct product $\mathcal{R} \times \mathcal{S}$ of two ergodic p.m.p. equivalence relations is stable if and only if one of the two components $\mathcal{R}$ or $\mathcal{S}$ is stable. This result is deduced from a new local characterization of stable equivalence relations. The similar question on McDuff $\mathrm{II}_1$ factors is also discussed and some partial results are given.Comment: 14 page

Fullness of crossed products of factors by discrete groups

Let $M$ be an arbitrary factor and $\sigma : \Gamma \curvearrowright M$ an action of a discrete group. In this paper, we study the fullness of the crossed product $M \rtimes_\sigma \Gamma$. When $\Gamma$ is amenable, we obtain a complete characterization: the crossed product factor $M \rtimes_\sigma \Gamma$ is full if and only if $M$ is full and the quotient map $\overline{\sigma} : \Gamma \rightarrow \mathrm{Out}(M)$ has finite kernel and discrete image. This answers a question of Jones from 1981. When $M$ is full and $\Gamma$ is arbitrary, we give a sufficient condition for $M \rtimes_\sigma \Gamma$ to be full which generalizes both Jones' criterion and Choda's criterion. In particular, we show that if $M$ is any full factor (possibly of type $\mathrm{III}$) and $\Gamma$ is a non-inner amenable group, then the crossed product $M \rtimes_\sigma \Gamma$ is full.Comment: 9 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1611.0791

Spectral gap characterization of full type III factors

We give a spectral gap characterization of fullness for type $\mathrm{III}$ factors which is the analog of a theorem of Connes in the tracial case. Using this criterion, we generalize a theorem of Jones by proving that if $M$ is a full factor and $\sigma : G \rightarrow \mathrm{Aut}(M)$ is an outer action of a discrete group $G$ whose image in $\mathrm{Out}(M)$ is discrete then the crossed product von Neumann algebra $M \rtimes_\sigma G$ is also a full factor. We apply this result to prove the following conjecture of Tomatsu-Ueda: the continuous core of a type $\mathrm{III}_1$ factor $M$ is full if and only if $M$ is full and its $\tau$ invariant is the usual topology on $\mathbb{R}$.Comment: 13 page

Full factors, bicentralizer flow and approximately inner automorphisms

We show that a factor $M$ is full if and only if the $C^*$-algebra generated by its left and right regular representations contains the compact operators. We prove that the bicentralizer flow of a type $\mathrm{III}_1$ factor is always ergodic. As a consequence, for any type $\mathrm{III}_1$ factor $M$ and any $\lambda \in ]0,1]$, there exists an irreducible AFD type $\mathrm{III}_\lambda$ subfactor with expectation in $M$. Moreover, any type $\mathrm{III}_1$ factor $M$ which satisfies $M \cong M \otimes R_\lambda$ for some $\lambda \in ]0,1[$ has trivial bicentralizer. Finally, we give a counter-example to the characterization of approximately inner automorphisms conjectured by Connes and we prove a weaker version of this conjecture. In particular, we obtain a new proof of Kawahigashi-Sutherland-Takesaki's result that every automorphism of the AFD type $\mathrm{III}_1$ factor is approximately inner.Comment: 16 page

Tensor product decompositions and rigidity of full factors

We obtain several rigidity results regarding tensor product decompositions of factors. First, we show that any full factor with separable predual has at most countably many tensor product decompositions up to stable unitary conjugacy. We use this to show that the class of separable full factors with countable fundamental group is stable under tensor products. Next, we obtain new primeness and unique prime factorization results for crossed products coming from compact actions of higher rank lattices (e.g.\ $\mathrm{SL}(n,\mathbb{Z}), \: n \geq 3$) and noncommutative Bernoulli shifts with arbitrary base (not necessarily amenable). Finally, we provide examples of full factors without any prime factorization.Comment: 30 page

Full factors and co-amenable inclusions

We show that if $M$ is a full factor and $N \subset M$ is a co-amenable subfactor with expectation, then $N$ is also full. This answers a question of Popa from 1986. We also generalize a theorem of Tomatsu by showing that if $M$ is a full factor and $\sigma \colon G \curvearrowright M$ is an outer action of a compact group $G$, then $\sigma$ is automatically minimal and $M^G$ is a full factor which has w-spectral gap in $M$. Finally, in the appendix, we give a proof of the fact that several natural notions of co-amenability for an inclusion $N\subset M$ of von Neumann algebras are equivalent, thus closing the cycle of implications given in Anantharaman-Delaroche's paper in 1995.Comment: 15 pages, Remark 3.6 is adde

Strongly ergodic equivalence relations: spectral gap and type III invariants

We obtain a spectral gap characterization of strongly ergodic equivalence relations on standard measure spaces. We use our spectral gap criterion to prove that a large class of skew-product equivalence relations arising from measurable $1$-cocycles with values into locally compact abelian groups are strongly ergodic. By analogy with the work of Connes on full factors, we introduce the Sd and $\tau$ invariants for type ${\rm III}$ strongly ergodic equivalence relations. As a corollary to our main results, we show that for any type ${\rm III_1}$ ergodic equivalence relation $\mathcal R$, the Maharam extension $\mathord{\text {c}}(\mathcal R)$ is strongly ergodic if and only if $\mathcal R$ is strongly ergodic and the invariant $\tau(\mathcal R)$ is the usual topology on $\mathbf R$. We also obtain a structure theorem for almost periodic strongly ergodic equivalence relations analogous to Connes' structure theorem for almost periodic full factors. Finally, we prove that for arbitrary strongly ergodic free actions of bi-exact groups (e.g. hyperbolic groups), the Sd and $\tau$ invariants of the orbit equivalence relation and of the associated group measure space von Neumann factor coincide.Comment: 28 pages. To appear in Ergodic Theory Dynam. System

Conformal Fourth-Rank Gravity

We consider the consequences of describing the metric properties of space- time through a quartic line element $ds^4=G_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}dx^\mu dx^\nu dx^\lambda dx^\rho$. The associated "metric" is a fourth-rank tensor $G_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}$. We construct a theory for the gravitational field based on the fourth-rank metric $G_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}$ which is conformally invariant in four dimensions. In the absence of matter the fourth-rank metric becomes of the form $G_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}=g_{(\mu\nu}g_{\lambda\rho )}$ therefore we recover a Riemannian behaviour of the geometry; furthermore, the theory coincides with General Relativity. In the presence of matter we can keep Riemannianicity, but now gravitation couples in a different way to matter as compared to General Relativity. We develop a simple cosmological model based on a FRW metric with matter described by a perfect fluid. Our field equations predict that the entropy is an increasing function of time. For $k_{obs}=0$ the field equations predict $\Omega\approx 4y$, where $y={p\over\rho}$; for $\Omega_{small}=0.01$ we obtain $y_{pred}=2.5\times 10^{-3}$. $y$ can be estimated from the mean random velocity of typical galaxies to be $y_{random}=1\times10^{-5}$. For the early universe there is no violation of causality for $t>t_{class}\approx10^{19}t_{Planck}\approx 10^{-24}s$.Comment: 39 pages, plain TE