Outcomes of standart heparin treatment in deep vein thrombosis

Amaç: Kliniğimizde derin venöz tromboz tanısıyla sürekli unfraksiyone (standart) heparin kullanılarak tedavi edilen olgulara ait sonuçların retrospektif olarak incelenmesi. Yöntem:KliniğimizdeOcak 2002-Nisan 2005 tarihleri arasında derin venöz tromboz tanısıyla tedavi ve takipleri yapılan 44 olgu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Tedavi protokolünde tüm hastalara en az 1 hafta süreyle olmak üzere mutlak yatak istirahati uygulandı. Sürekli intravenöz heparin infüzyonu başlanarak doz a PTT değerlerine göre titre edildi. Oral antikoagülan tedavi başlanarak INR değeri 2'nin üzerine çıkıncaya kadar intravenöz heparin tedavisine devam edildi. Olguların tümünde klinik bulguların yanı sıra tanısal olarak renkli doppler USGtetkiki kullanıldı. Bulgular: Yaş ortalamaları 43,2 olan olguların, 27'si erkek (% 61,3) ve 17'si kadın (%38,7) idi. Olguların % 4.5'inde pulmoner emboli saptandı. Pulmoner emboli gelişen olgularda mortalite gözlenmedi.Heparin tedavisine olguların%45'inde 5-6. gün,%36'sında 7-10. gün devamedildi. 24 hastada yatışının 0-3. gününde, 20 hastada da 4-7. gününde oral antikoagülan tedaviye başlandı. Tedavi süresince hiçbir olguda majör kanama komplikasyonu ya da mortalite gözlenmedi. 3 aylık takipte hiçbir olguda rekürren tromboembolizm ile karşılaşılmadı. Sonuç: Derin venöz trombozda devamlı unfraksiyone heparin tedavisinin güvenle uygulanabilecek bir yöntem olduğu görüşündeyiz.Aim: In this retrospective study we aimed to investigate the outcomes of continuous unfractioned ( standart ) heparin treatment for deep vein thrombosis. Methods: 44 patients who were hospitalized between January 2002 and April 2005 with the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis are included in this study. Strict bed rest was applied in treatment protocol to all cases. Continious intravenous heparin infusion was started and the dosage was titrated regardinga PTT values. Patients were put on oral anticoagulant therapy and intravenous heparin was continued until the INR value is greater than 2. Besides clinical findings colour Doppler USG was used diagnostically. Results: The mean age of the patients was 43.2 and 27 were male ( % 61.3 ) and 17 were female ( %38.7 ). Pulmonary embolism was detected in 4.5 % of cases. There was no mortality in patients who had pulmonary embolism. Heparin treatment was continued for 5-6 days in 45 % of cases and for 7-10 days in 36 % of cases. In 24 of cases oral anticoagulant therapy was started on0 - 3 rd day of hospitalization while in 20 of them therapy was started on4 - 7 th day of hospitalization. No mortality or major bleeding complication ocuured during the course of therapy. Neither of the cases faced reccurent thromboembolism in 3 months follow up. Conclusion: Unfractioned heparin treatment can be suggested asa reliable method for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis

Processing of leather using deep eutectic solvents

Processing of leather has an historical reputation as a chemically and energetically intensive process that produces large volumes of aqueous waste. Saline pollution combined with heavy-metal, dyes and acid and base streams make leather production an ecologically sensitive industry. The current study shows that a variety of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) may be used for the tanning, fatliquoring and dyeing of animal hides, being particularly useful for mineral (chromium) and vegetable tanning processes. The tanning agents are able to penetrate rapidly into the hide, driven by lyotropic swelling due to their high ionic strength. The samples are shown to have similar tanning agent content to the currently used aqueous chromium(III) sulfate solution; however, the waste metal content is shown to be significantly reduced. Incorporation of the DES Ethaline into the leather significantly alters the swelling properties of the leather increasing the flexibility and ductility of the material, therefore acting in the same manner as a fatliquor that lubricates or plasticizes the fibrous structure of the collagen. Ethaline was also used to transport a lysochromic dye throughout the cross section of the leather, and the hydrophobicity of the dye prevents leaching into the aqueous wash solution. Physical measurements show that leather processed using DESs have similar mechanical properties to that processed using conventional aqueous systems

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe