Electromagnetic pollution: NIR measurement

The electromagnetic density of the atmosphere has increased in recent years due to the major technological development, generating a new kind of pollution, which some authors called "electromagnetic pollution". The use of electromagnetic systems that generate non-ionizing radiation (NIR) involves a risk, unknown, which is framed within acceptable risks, and that it is necessary to quantify. The UNITEC LEMA Lab, dedicated to environmental education, echoing this concern to the growing proliferation of aerials of cellular telephony and few studies of this matter, has begun to perform periodic measurements on sites agreed with the operators of cellular telephony and alternative sites considered critics, creating a database with measurements repeatable for further processing and comparison making use of latest technology equipment. From this activity, UNITEC LEMA has begun the education and guidance of professionals and students of engineering that will develop its activities in the field of telecommunications, to assure the responsibility to the University with the society. This paper presents the first results of the measurements carried out in the city of Comodoro Rivadavia, and an overview of measurements carried out in the cities of Mendoza and Neuquén and the municipalities of Almirante Brown, San Martín and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Also includes a brief reference to the current regulatory framework. Measurements were made according to the regulations and the results obtained were in the range within the reference limit values fixed according to the rules, of which the most restrictive is located in 0.2 mW/cm2 power density.La densidad electromagnética del ambiente se ha multiplicado en los últimos años debido al gran desarrollo tecnológico, generando un nuevo tipo de polución, que algunos autores denominan "contaminación electromagnética". El uso de sistemas electromagnéticos que generan radiaciones no ionizantes (RNI) implica un riesgo, aún desconocido, que está encuadrado dentro de los riesgos aceptables, y que se hace necesario cuantificar. El UNITEC LEMA, dedicado a la Educación en temas medioambientales, haciéndose eco de esta preocupación ante la creciente proliferación de antenas de telefonía celular y los pocos estudios realizados, ha comenzado a realizar mediciones periódicas en sitios acordados con las operadoras de telefonía celular y sitios alternativos considerados críticos, creando una base de datos con mediciones repetibles para su posterior procesamiento y comparación, haciendo uso de equipamiento de última tecnología. Se ha iniciado además, a partir de esta actividad, la capacitación y formación de profesionales y estudiantes de Ingeniería que desarrollarán sus actividades en el campo de las Telecomunicaciones, para satisfacer la responsabilidad que le cabe a la Universidad con la sociedad que la circunda. En el presente trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados de las mediciones llevadas a cabo en la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia, y una reseña de las mediciones realizadas en las ciudades de Mendoza y Neuquén y los municipios de Almirante Brown, San Martín y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Se incluye también una breve referencia al actual marco regulatorio. Las mediciones fueron efectuadas de acuerdo a la normativa vigente y los resultados obtenidos se encuadraron en su totalidad dentro de los valores de referencia límite fijados reglamentariamente, de los cuales el más restrictivo se ubica en 0,2 mW/cm2 de densidad de potencia.Asociación de Universidades Grupo Montevide

Migration and the Environment: Some Reflections on Current Legal Issues and Possible Ways Forward

The rationale behind the volume on Migration and the Environment: Some Reflections on Current Legal Issues and Possible Ways Forward is to provide a comprehensive and critical review of the major outcomes, implications and achievements on the relevant questions of international law on international migration and the environment. The ultimate objective of the volume is to foster the debate among experts, scholars and policy makers. To this end, the collected papers analyze from different perspectives the link between migration and the environment and the phenomenon of environment-related migration, discuss the extent to which people whose movements are induced by environmental factors are protected under the existing international legal framework, investigate the main legal issues and normative gaps and analyze the solutions at stak

Medición del nivel de exposición a campos electromagnéticos en ambientes externos en el rango de frecuencias de 100 kHz a 3 GHz en ámbitos de la UNLP y zonas sensibles

La población está expuesta a múltiples fuentes de campos electromagnéticos (CEM) de radiación no ionizante (RNI) en una amplia gama de frecuencias que van más allá de las radiofrecuencias. En las últimas décadas debido a la generación de campos electromagnéticos artificiales de distintas fuentes (antenas de radios de AM, FM, telefonía celular, radares, computadoras, hornos de microondas, equipos médicos, etc.) ha aumentado considerablemente el nivel de exposición a las mismas. El IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) en el año 2011 categorizó las RNI en el rango de frecuencias de 30 kHz a 300 GHz como pertenecientes al Grupo 2B (posiblemente carcinogénicas para los humanos). Este informe ha suscitado preocupaciones sobre los posibles riesgos para la salud asociados con los campos electromagnéticos. Objetivo: evaluar y determinar los niveles de exposición a las RNI en ámbitos académicos externos y comparar los resultados obtenidos con la disposición emitida por la Comisión Internacional de Radiación No Ionizante (ICNIRP).Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Evaluación del nivel de exposición a las radiaciones no ionizantes (RNI) en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la UNLP: fase 1

Todos los seres vivos están expuestos a una mezcla compleja de campos electromagnéticos (CEM) en todo el espectro de frecuencias: en la naturaleza, en el hogar y en el trabajo. Los CEM son generados por la corriente eléctrica que circula por los distintos equipos de electromedicina, iluminación, computación y comunicaciones entre otros. Estos campos generan radiaciones no ionizantes (RNI) que no tienen la suficiente energía para romper los enlaces de la última órbita de los átomos, por lo tanto la materia no puede ser ionizada. A raíz de las últimas publicaciones del IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) sobre sus posibles efectos carcinogénicos nos motivó a la realización del presente trabajo. Objetivos: evaluar y determinar el nivel de exposición a las RNI en ámbitos de la facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la UNLP.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe