PROPUESTA METODOLOGICA PARA EL ANALISIS DE LAS ACTIVIDADES EN LOS LIBROS DE TEXTO DE CIENCIAS NATURALES

Este artículo realiza una propuesta metodológica para analizar las actividades que se encuentran en los libros de texto de ciencias naturales de secundaria en el contexto de Costa Rica. Mediante una revisión teórica se realiza una metodología que permite categorizar, clasificar y analizar las actividades, utilizando técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas que permitan generar resultados acerca de las actividades que promueven los libros de texto. Para la recolección de la información cualitativa se propone realizar una investigación de documentos importantes de la política educativa, y para el análisis cuantitativo se propone utilizar tablas que funcionan como fichas de recolección de información para cada dimensión del análisis gestionando una matriz de datos que sirva para un análisis estadístico que conlleva al análisis mediante una triangulación de datos

Revisando los fundamentos del análisis de p-nitrofenol para su aplicación en la cuantificación de la actividad de lipasas. Una actualización gráfica.

p-Nitrophenol (pNP) is a widely used compound for analytical determinations of several esterases (EC. 3.1.1.X), including lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3). Most enzymatic measurements employ pNP derivatives such as esters, which are broken down by enzymatic hydrolysis, releasing pNP that is quantified by its absorbance at 410 nm. Although this type of methods was developed a few decades ago, the spectrophotometric analysis of pNP requires analytical measurements of pH and temperature to achieve reliable determinations. The aim of this paper is to offer a graphical update of how pH and temperature affect the p-nitrophenol absorbance at different wavelengths in lipase emulsified media, due to its relevance for the quantitative determination of lipase activity using spectrophotometric methods. To highlight the importance of each variable involved in this analysis, we dissolved pNP in emulsified media (for lipase activity quantification) at several pH values from 4.00 to 11.00, and measured its absorbance in a range of 270 nm – 500 nm and at several temperatures from 25°C to 50°C. The absorption patterns of pNP under the established conditions were graphed in 3D plots. The constructed 3D plots showed that, regardless of the temperature, below pH 6.00, pNP predominantly absorbs at 317 nm, due to the greater abundance of its protonated form, which is completely predominant at pH 3.50 and below. On the other hand, at pH 10.0 and above, the major absorption occurs at about 401 nm, confirming that the equilibrium is completely shifted to the pNP anionic form. These results also indicate that close to neutral pH value pNP, it displays a temperature dependence effect, increasing absorbance to 410 nm at higher temperatures. Due to many analytical determinations of enzymatic activities, the release of pNP is carried around pH 7.00. It is necessary to consider the determinant role of both pH and temperature over these measurements, how these variables must be strictly controlled, and how the calibration curves and blanks should take the reaction media pH and temperature into account.El p-nitrofenol (pNP) es un compuesto ampliamente utilizado para la determinación analítica de esterasas (EC. 3.1.1.X), incluidas las lipasas (E.C. 3.1.1.3). La mayoría de las mediciones enzimáticas emplean sus derivados, tales como ésteres, que se descomponen por hidrólisis, liberando pNP que se cuantifica por su absorbancia a 410 nm. Aunque, este tipo de métodos se desarrolló hace algunas décadas, el análisis espectrofotométrico de pNP requiere mediciones precisas de pH y temperatura, para lograr determinaciones confiables. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una actualización gráfica de cómo el pH y la temperatura afectan la absorbancia de p-nitrofenol a diferentes longitudes de onda en medios emulsionados para ensayos con lipasas, debido a su relevancia para la determinación cuantitativa de la actividad de las lipasas bajo métodos espectrofotométricos. Para resaltar la importancia de cada variable en este análisis, se disolvió pNP en medios emulsionados (para la cuantificación de la actividad de la lipasa) a varios valores de pH de 4.00 a 11.00 y se midió su absorbancia en un rango de 270 nm a 500 nm a varias temperaturas en el rango de 25 °C a 50 °C. El comportamiento químico de pNP bajo estas condiciones se correlacionó mediante la construcción de gráficos tridimensionales. Como resultado, los gráficos 3D construidos experimentalmente, mostraron que, independientemente de la temperatura, por debajo de pH 6.00 el pNP absorbe principalmente, a 317 nm, debido a la mayor abundancia de su forma protonada que es completamente predominante a pH 3.50 e inferiores. Por otro lado, a pH 10.0 y superiores, el equilibrio se desplaza completamente a la forma aniónica pNP, que absorbe a 410 nm. Nuestros datos confirman que en valores de pH cercano a la neutralidad, el pNP muestra un efecto de dependencia a la temperatura, aumentando la absorbancia a 410 nm a temperaturas más altas. Debido a muchas determinaciones cuantitativas de las actividades enzimáticas, el pNP se libera en un medio de reacción de alrededor de pH 7.00. Es necesario recordar el papel determinante del pH y la temperatura sobre estas mediciones y cómo estas variables deben ser estrictamente consideradas

Tropical agroindustrial biowaste revalorization through integrative biorefineries—review part II: pineapple, sugarcane and banana by-products in Costa Rica

Biorefineries are a model for greener production processes, based on the concept of bioeconomy. Instead of targeting first-generation biofuels—that compete with food supply—the focus relies on lignocellulosic material, considering many aspects, such as sustainable fuel production, as well as valorization of waste, as an alternative to the traditional petrochemical approach of goods production. Especially, in tropical countries agricultural activities lead to tremendous amounts of biomass, resulting in waste that has to be dealt with. In the case of Costa Rica, the five major crops cultivated for export are coffee, oil palm, pineapple, sugarcane, and banana. Traditional ways of waste treatment cannot cope with the increasing amount of biomass produced and therefore, bear various challenges often related to increased pollution. This review aims to bring up the recent state of waste treatment but even more, stress potential opportunities of adding value to not used residues; thus, improve sustainability in the agro industrial sector. Part I of the review already highlighted the potential of producing promising bioactive chemical compounds by novel biorefinery concepts from agricultural waste originating from coffee and oil palm cultivation. This second part focuses on the lignocellulose-rich biowaste from pineapple, sugarcane, and banana, showing biorefinery concepts, where fuel and energy production, as well as establishment of novel products and new applications, play an important role. © 2022, The Author(s)

Pineapple agro-industrial biomass to produce biomedical applications in a circular economy context in Costa Rica

Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets due to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes pineapple production and processing a significant source of income for producing countries, such as Costa Rica. This review collects bibliographic information dating back to the beginnings of pineapple production in Costa Rica to the state of the market today. It details the impacts of its production chain and proposes a biorefinery as a solution to environmental problems. Besides the potentiality of new sustainable markets to contribute to the post-COVID-19 economy in Costa Rica is highlighted. The general characteristics of pineapple by-products -cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other high-value products like bromelain y saponin- are described, as well as the primary processes for their ex-traction via biorefinery and main applications in the medical field. Finally, a brief description of the main works in the literature involving modeling and simulation studies of pineapple by-products properties is included

«CiTiEs (Ciudades: Tiempo + Espacio)». Educación patrimonial para Madrid: diseño e implementación de itinerarios didácticos en torno a su cultura urbana

“CiTiEs (Ciudades: Tiempo + Espacio)” pretende generar un proyecto de innovación docente para la educación del patrimonio cultural de la ciudad, centrado en itinerarios didácticos para Madrid (2019-2020) y adaptado al alumnado de diversas titulaciones y asignaturas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

CiTiEs (Ciudades: Tiempo + Espacio) Diseño e implementación de materiales didácticos para la enseñanza virtual del Patrimonio cultural de Madrid a través de la flipped classroom

Se han diseñado e implementado materiales digitales para la Educación patrimonial de Madrid, dirigidos a estudiantes de varias asignaturas. Para su utilización, se ha utilizado preferentemente el "aula invertida" (flipped classroom), adaptándose a las circunstancias excepcionales del curso académico 2020-21

Evaluación de TuFormulas. Diseño y aplicación de indicadores para medir el impacto y la sostenibilidad de este recurso educativo como herramienta de enseñanza y aprendizaje

Depto. de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFac. de FarmaciaFALSEsubmitte

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Evaluación de los extractos de las hojas de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) producidas en el zona de Cartago, Costa Rica, sobre la masa corporal de ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus ) en condiciones de laboratorio

Sandoval Barrantes, M. (2007) Evaluación de los extractos de las hojas de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) producidas en el zona de Cartago, Costa Rica, sobre la masa corporal de ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus) en condiciones de laboratorio. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.Dada la gran importancia que tiene en el mercado nacional e internacional, la venta de productos con poder adelgazante y liporreductor, y el auge de aquellos considerados como productos naturales, algunos de los cuales utilizan extractos de hojas Cynara scolymus en sus formulaciones, esta investigación tuvo como propósito desarrollar un estudio que caracterizara los efectos de los extractos de C. scolymus producida en la zona de Cartago, Costa Rica, sobre la masa corporal de ratas albinas (RaHus nowegicus) en condiciones de laboratorio y algunas características químicas de tales extractos. Para ello se realizó una caracterización química preliminar de estas hojas, se evaluaron los efectos de la ingesta oral de una determinada dosis de extracto en algunas variables fisiológicas relacionadas directa e indirectamente con la masa corporal en R. nowegicus. Los resultados mostraron una gran variedad de familias de metabolitos secundarios presentes en los extractos, un alto contenido foliar de potasio y una respuesta biológica que muestra que el producto generado es muy seguro para la salud, mostrando pocos efectos sobre las excreciones de iones sodlo y potasio, y a pesar que existen tendencias a aumentar la diuresis al consumir este producto y aparentes efectos en lípidos séricos, NO ocurre una reducción de masa corporal. Se concluyó que el producto puede ser utilizado como insumo alimenticio de baja peligrosidad, como probableGiven the great importance of the sale of products with slimming and fat-reducing power in the national and international market, and the rise of those considered natural products, some of which use Cynara scolymus leaf extracts in their formulations, this research had with the purpose of developing a study that would characterize the effects of the extracts of C. scolymus produced in the area of ​​Cartago, Costa Rica, on the body mass of albino rats (RaHus nowegicus) under laboratory conditions and some chemical characteristics of such extracts. For this, a preliminary chemical characterization of these leaves was carried out, the effects of oral intake of a certain dose of extract on some physiological variables directly and indirectly related to body mass in R. nowegicus were evaluated. The results showed a great variety of families of secondary metabolites present in the extracts, a high foliar content of potassium and a biological response that shows that the product generated is very safe for health, showing little effect on the excretions of sodium and potassium ions. , and although there are tendencies to increase diuresis when consuming this product and apparent effects on serum lipids, a reduction in body mass does NOT occur. It was concluded that the product can be used as a low-hazard food input, as it is probableUniversidad Nacional, Costa RicaEscuela de Químic