Les festivals musicaux : des organisations temporaires pulsatoires ? Le cas du festival du Bout du Monde

National audienceLes festivals de musiques jouent un rôle important dans l'animation des territoires et leur apportent des retombées économiques non négligeables. Dès lors, la pérennisation de ces événements constitue un enjeu tant pour les organisateurs que pour les sites qui les accueillent. Dans cette optique, il est important de mieux comprendre ces organisations très particulières. Les festivals musicaux sont des structures paradoxales. Ils sont à la fois temporaires et durables. Inclus dans un projet de recherche qui porte sur la pérennisation des activités de production de services événementiels, cette communication propose de qualifier les festivals musicaux d'Organisations Temporaires Pulsatoires (OTP). Le fonctionnement de ces "organisations-événements" est étudié au travers d'une revue de littérature focalisée sur les structures en réseau et sur les organisations temporaires. Après avoir présenté une typologie d'organisations temporaires, un raisonnement par analogie permet d'établir un parallèle entre les structures déployées entre autres dans le cadre des jeux olympiques et celles des festivals musicaux. Un cycle organisationnel en quatre étapes est mis en lumière et s'articule autour de l'oscillation entre deux états de la structure permettant d'identifier deux phases transitoires. L'étude du cas du festival du Bout du Monde de Crozon (29) met en évidence une convergence entre les éléments théoriques et ceux issus du terrain. Elle permet d'apporter des éléments de réponses sur le caractère pulsatoire de l'organisation ainsi que sur les mécanismes qui régissent ces pulsations. Les données empiriques soulignent aussi le rôle central qu'occupe la logistique dans la phase transitoire entre un état dormant et un état activé de l'OTP qui apparait comme l'un des principaux facteurs de réussite d'un festival. Si la recherche permet de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des festivals musicaux et met en lumières les mécanismes qui semblent améliorer leur efficacité et garantir leur pérennité, les résultats obtenus mériteront d'être approfondis par d'autres études de cas complémentaires

Safety and Immunogenicity of the PRAME Cancer Immunotherapeutic in Patients with Resected Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase I Dose Escalation Study

International audience; INTRODUCTION:Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy is standard treatment for surgically resected stage II to IIIA NSCLC, but the relapse rate is high. The preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) tumor antigen is expressed in two-thirds of NSCLC and offers an attractive target for antigen-specific immunization. A phase I dose escalation study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a PRAME immunotherapeutic consisting of recombinant PRAME plus proprietary immunostimulant AS15 in patients with surgically resected NSCLC (NCT01159964).METHODS:Patients with PRAME-positive resected stage IB to IIIA NSCLC were enrolled in three consecutive cohorts to receive up to 13 injections of PRAME immunotherapeutic (recombinant PRAME protein dose of 20 μg, 100 μg, or 500 μg, with a fixed dose of AS15). Adverse events, predefined dose-limiting toxicity, and the anti-PRAME humoral response (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were coprimary end points. Anti-PRAME cellular responses were assessed.RESULTS:A total of 60 patients were treated (18 received 20 μg of PRAME, 18 received 100 μg of PRAME, and 24 received 500 μg of PRAME). No dose-limiting toxicity was reported. Adverse events considered by the investigator to be causally related to treatment were grade 1 or 2, and most were injection site reactions or fever. All patients had detectable anti-PRAME antibodies after four immunizations. The percentages of patients with PRAME-specific CD4-positive T cells were higher at the dose of 500 μg compared with lower doses. No predefined CD8-positive T-cell responses were detected.CONCLUSION:The PRAME immunotherapeutic had an acceptable safety profile. All patients had anti-PRAME humoral responses that were not dose related, and 80% of those treated at the highest dose showed a cellular immune response. The dose of 500 μg was selected. However, further development was stopped after negative results with a similar immunotherapeutic in patients with NSCLC

Review. Divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig

To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https:/doi.org/10.1017/S175173111600286XThis review summarizes the results from the INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) divergent selection experiment on residual feed intake (RFI) in growing Large White pigs during nine generations of selection. It discusses the remaining challenges and perspectives for the improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs. The impacts on growing pigs raised under standard conditions and in alternative situations such as heat stress, inflammatory challenges or lactation have been studied. After nine generations of selection, the divergent selection for RFI led to highly significant ( P<0.001) line differences for RFI (−165 g/day in the low RFI (LRFI) line compared with high RFI line) and daily feed intake (−270 g/day). Low responses wereobserved on growth rate (−12.8 g/day, P <0.05) and body composition (+0.9mm backfat thickness, P = 0.57; −2.64% lean meat content, P<0.001) with a marked response on feed conversion ratio (−0.32 kg feed/kg gain, P<0.001). Reduced ultimate pH and increased lightness of the meat ( P<0.001) were observed in LRFI pigs with minor impact on the sensory quality of the meat. These changes in meat quality were associated with changes of the muscular energy metabolism. Reduced maintenance energy requirements (−10% after five generations of selection) and activity (−21% of time standing after six generations of selection) of LRFI pigs greatly contributed to the gain in energy efficiency. However, the impact of selection for RFI on the protein metabolism of the pig remains unclear. Digestibility of energy and nutrients was not affected by selection, neither for pigs fed conventional diets nor for pigs fed high-fibre diets. A significant improvement of digestive efficiency could likely be achieved by selecting pigs on fibre diets. No convincing genetic or blood biomarker has been identified for explaining the differences in RFI, suggesting that pigs have various ways to achieve an efficient use of feed. No deleterious impact of the selection on the sow reproduction performance was observed. The resource allocation theory states that low RFI may reduce the ability to cope with stressors,via the reduction of a buffer compartment dedicated to responses to stress. None of the experiments focussed on the response of pigs to stress or challenges could confirm this theory. Understanding the relationships between RFI and responses to stress and energy demanding processes, as such immunity and lactation, remains a major challenge for a better understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of the trait and to reconcile the experimental results with the resource allocation theory

Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI)is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG)are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD)in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI)is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR)hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP)and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen)has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies)for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative. © 2019 Society for Vascular Surgery and European Society for Vascular Surger

La logistique événementielle : des opérations à la stratégie. -Une illustration par le festival de Woodstock

International audienceConsidéré comme un événement marquant de la contre-culture des années 1960-70, le Woodstock Musics and Arts Fair Festival, plus connu sous le nom de Festival de Woodstock, a marqué et marque encore de nombreuses générations. Toutefois, au-delà de son impact musical et culturel, le Festival de Woodstock présente une face sombre moins connue : échec financier, catastrophe écologique, fortes perturbations du trafic routier, difficulté d'approvisionnement alimentaire, etc. À partir d'un cadre d'analyse académique fondé sur les notions de logistique événementielle et de logistique temporaire, la présente communication mobilise le cas du Festival de Woodstock afin de mettre en lumière les enjeux stratégiques de la logistique et d'une gestion par les flux en contexte événementiel

La logistique événementielle : des opérations à la stratégie. -Une illustration par le festival de Woodstock

International audienceConsidéré comme un événement marquant de la contre-culture des années 1960-70, le Woodstock Musics and Arts Fair Festival, plus connu sous le nom de Festival de Woodstock, a marqué et marque encore de nombreuses générations. Toutefois, au-delà de son impact musical et culturel, le Festival de Woodstock présente une face sombre moins connue : échec financier, catastrophe écologique, fortes perturbations du trafic routier, difficulté d'approvisionnement alimentaire, etc. À partir d'un cadre d'analyse académique fondé sur les notions de logistique événementielle et de logistique temporaire, la présente communication mobilise le cas du Festival de Woodstock afin de mettre en lumière les enjeux stratégiques de la logistique et d'une gestion par les flux en contexte événementiel

La logistique événementielle : des opérations à la stratégie. -Une illustration par le festival de Woodstock

International audienceConsidéré comme un événement marquant de la contre-culture des années 1960-70, le Woodstock Musics and Arts Fair Festival, plus connu sous le nom de Festival de Woodstock, a marqué et marque encore de nombreuses générations. Toutefois, au-delà de son impact musical et culturel, le Festival de Woodstock présente une face sombre moins connue : échec financier, catastrophe écologique, fortes perturbations du trafic routier, difficulté d'approvisionnement alimentaire, etc. À partir d'un cadre d'analyse académique fondé sur les notions de logistique événementielle et de logistique temporaire, la présente communication mobilise le cas du Festival de Woodstock afin de mettre en lumière les enjeux stratégiques de la logistique et d'une gestion par les flux en contexte événementiel