Determinação de mercúrio em águas sanitárias comercializadas em região do sudeste do Brasil

Para determinação de mercúrio presente como contaminante nas águas sanitárias usadas para desinfecção de água e alimentos, foi proposto um tratamento de amostra com ácido clorídrico para eliminação do cloro. A técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com gerador de vapor utilizada para quantificação do mercúrio apresentou uma recuperação de 103%. Foram analisadas 69 amostras de águas sanitárias de 35 diferentes marcas, comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo. Os valores obtidos para a mediana e nonagésimo percentil foram respectivamente: 15 e 67 ug/L. Pelas concentrações de mercúrio encontradas nas águas sanitárias, verificou-se que, usando as quantidades recomendadas para descontaminar água, frutas e hortaliças, o mercúrio residual não apresenta riscos à saúde, situando-se dentro dos valores estabelecidos pela legislação em vigor.In order to determine the mercury content present as a contaminant in samples of bleach used in water and food disinfection, a method for sample treatment using chloridric acid to eliminate the chlorine was proposed. The technique of cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry, used to quantify the mercury, showed a recovery of 103%. Sixty nine samples of bleach were analysed and the values found for the median and 90th percentil were respectively, 15 and 67 mg/L. According to the values of residual mercury found and using the quantities of bleach recommended by the Brazilian Sanitary Authorities, the use of these disinfectants offers no risk to human health

Avaliação dos níveis de chumbo e cádmio em leite em decorrência de contaminação ambiental na região do Vale do Paraíba, Sudeste do Brasil

INTRODUCTION: A factory producing lead ingots, located in Caçapava, caused lead and cadmium contamination of the environment, in the Paraiba Valley region of Southeastern, Brazil, through the discharge of industrial waste and the recycling of batteries. The factory, set in a rural, dairy cattle breeding area, worried sanitary authorities who envisaged the possibility of these metals' having entered the food chain. For the purpose of assessing the levels of contamination of the milk produced in the region, due to the cattle's possible consumption of contaminated grass and water, the amounts of cadmium and lead present in the milk were verified. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Major producers, covering an area of up to 20 km from the contaminated source, authorized collection of 218 samples of both pasteurized and non-pasteurized milk, which were analysed. Lead and cadmium levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lead being pre-concentrated by complexation with APDC (ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate) and further extraction with isobutyl methylketone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total number of samples, 43 presented lead levels over the maximum limit of 0.05 mg/kg estabilished by Brazilian legislation. The median value found for lead was 0.04 mg/L. The variance analysis, with 95% confidence level, found no significant difference among the types of milk studied with regard to lead levels. As for cadmium, all samples showed levels below the 0.02 mg/L quantification limit of the method. In spite of the environmental contamination, the levels of cadmium found in the milk were below the 1.0 mg/kg limit established by Brazilian legislation.INTRODUÇÃO: Localizada em Caçapava, SP, Brasil, indústria produtora de lingotes de chumbo provocou contaminação ambiental na região do Vale do Paraíba, com chumbo e cádmio. Com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de contaminação do leite produzido na região, devido à possível ingestão, pelo gado, de gramíneas e águas contaminadas, foram determinados os teores de chumbo e cádmio no leite. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram analisadas 218 amostras de leite in natura e pasteurizado. O cádmio e o chumbo foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com chama. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Das amostras analisadas, 43 apresentaram teores de chumbo acima do limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação brasileira que é 0,05 mg/kg. O valor da mediana encontrada para o chumbo foi 0,04 mg/L. Os níveis de cádmio em todas as amostras foram menores que o limite de quantificação do método que é 0,02 mg/L. Apesar da contaminação ambiental, os níveis encontrados para o cádmio no leite estão abaixo do limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira que é 1,0 mg/kg

Lead and mercury in the hair of children living in Cubatão in the Southeast Region of Brazil

Realizou-se estudo de tipo seccional onde concentrações de chumbo e mercúrio foram determinadas pela técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica em cabelo de 251 crianças de um a 10 anos de idade, residentes em seis bairros situados às margens dos principais rios do Município de Cubatão, SP, (Brasil). Verificou-se concentrações de chumbo em cabelo de 229 crianças, sendo que em 189 delas (82,5%) detectou-se teores que variaram de 2,5 a 71,4 µg/g. O teor médio de chumbo foi de 7,25 ± 8,51 µg/g. Verificou-se concentrações de mercúrio em cabelo de 217 crianças e em todas foram detectados teores que variaram de 0,2 a 3,0 µg/g. A concentração média de mercúrio foi de 0,82 ± 0,48 µg/g. Não foi observada diferença estatística (p >; 0,05) dos teores médios de chumbo e mercúrio em cabelo entre crianças consumidoras de peixes e/ou produtos dos rios de Cubatão e crianças não-consumidoras de organismos aquáticos de qualquer origem.A study was carried out in 6 districts of Cubatão county, S. Paulo State, Brazil on a sample of 251 children aged between 1 and 10. The concentration of heavy metals (lead and mercury) in hair was tested. The lead concentration in the hair of 229 children was tested, and in 189 (82.5%) levels varying from 2.5 to 71.4 µg/g were detected. The average concentration of the lead found in hair was of 7.25 ± 8.51 µg/g. The concentration of mercury in the hair of 217 children was checked and all of them were found to have levels varying from 0.2 to 3.0 µg/g. The average concentration of mercury was of 0.82 ± 0.48 µg/g. No statistical difference (p >; 0.05) was observed between the averages found for lead and mercury in the hair of those who consumed and those who did not consume aquatic organisms

Concentrações sangüíneas de metais pesados e praguicidas organoclorados em crianças de 1 a 10 anos

Foi realizado estudo em 6 bairros do Município de Cubatão, SP, Brasil, situados às margens dos principais rios do município, com uma amostragem de 251 crianças de 1 a 10 anos de idade. Foram verificadas as concentrações sangüíneas de praguicidas organoclorados em 242 crianças, sendo que 73 crianças (30%) apresentaram concentrações de p-p'DDE (média = 0,85 ± 2,13 µg/l.), e em 47 crianças (19%) foi encontrado HCH total (média = 0,28 ± 0,79 µg/l.). Verificou-se também a concentração sangüínea de chumbo e mercúrio, sendo que se obteve a plumbemia média de 17,8 ± 5,8 µg/dl. e concentração média de mercúrio de 9,1 ± 6,4 µg/l. Crianças consumidoras de organismos aquáticos de origem exclusiva dos rios de Cubatão apresentaram teores médios de mercúrio (média = 14,7 ±7,1 µg/l.) significativamente maiores (p < 0,04) em comparação às crianças não consumidoras de organismos aquáticos de qualquer origem (média = 10,0 ± 6,5 µg/l.).A study of a sample of 251 children aged between 1 and 10 was carried out in 6 districts of Cubatão county, S. Paulo State, Brazil. This study showed the presence of organochlorine pesticides in the blood serum of 242 children, p-p' DDE was detected in 73 of the samples (30%) and HCH in 47 them (19%). The mean value of p-p' DDE was 0.85 ± 2.13 µg/l. and that of HCH was 0.28 ± 0.79 µg/l. Lead and mercury were also detected in the blood serum. The mean value for lead was 17.8 ± 5.8 µg/l. and for mercury was 9.1 ± 0.79 µg/l. The levels found in consumers of aquatic organisms taken from the rivers of Cubatão showed a mean mercury level (mean = 14.7 ± 7.1 µg/l.) higher than (p < 0.04) that of those who did not consume any aquatic organisms at all (mean = 10.0 ± 6.5 µg/l.)

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe