A Feature Vector Compression Approach for Face Recognition using Convolution and DWT

The biometric identification of a person using face trait is more efficient compared to other traits as the co-operation of a person is not required. In this paper, we propose a feature vector compression approach for face recognition using convolution and DWT. The one level DWT is applied on face images and considered only LL band. The normalized technique is applied on LL sub band to reduce high value coefficients into lower range of values ranging between Zero and one. The novel concept of linear convolution is applied on original image and LL band matrix to enhance quality of face images to obtain unique features. The Gaussian filter is applied on the output of convolution block to reduce high frequency components to generate fine-tuned feature vectors. The numbers of feature vectors of many samples of single person are converted into a single vector which reduces number of features of each person. The Euclidean distance is used to compare test image features with features of database persons to compute performance parameters. It is observed that the performance recognition rate is high compared to existing techniques

Multi scale ICA based iris recognition using BSIF and Hog

Iris is a physiological biometric trait, which is unique among all biometric traits to recognize person effectively. In this paper we propose Multi-scale Independent Component Analysis (ICA) based Iris Recognition using Binarized Statistical Image Features (BSIF) and Histogram of Gradient orientation (HOG). The Left and Right portion is extracted from eye images of CASIA V 1.0 database leaving top and bottom portion of iris. The multi-scale ICA filter sizes of 5X5, 7X7 and 17X17 are used to correlate with iris template to obtain BSIF. The HOGs are applied on BSIFs to extract initial features. The final feature is obtained by fusing three HOGs. The Euclidian Distance is used to compare the final feature of database image with test image final features to compute performance parameters. It is observed that the performance of the proposed method is better compared to existing methods

Iris Recognition System based on ZM, GF, VR and Matching Level Fusion

Isis is the physiological biometric trait used to recognized a person efficiently. In this paper, we propose Iris Recognition System based on ZM, GF, VR and Matching Level Fusion. The Region of Interest (ROI) of iris is extracted using segmentation. Zernike Moments (ZM) is applied on segmented iris images to extract ZM features. The novel concept of many feature vectors of a single person are converted into single vector per person ie., Vectors Reduction (VR). The Euclidian Distance (ED) is used to compare feature vectors in the database with feature vectors in test section to compute the performance parameters. The Gabor Filter (GF) is also used to extract features of iris. Many GF feature vectors of single person are connected into single feature vector per person. The ED is used to compare database and test feature vectors to compute performance parameters. The performance parameters obtained from ZM and GF are fused using normalization technique to improve the performance parameters. It is observed that, the performance parameters are better compared to existing techniques

Convolution based Face Recognition using DWT and feature vector compression

Face Recognition is important Biometric credentials for identification or verification of a person. In this paper, we propose a novel technique of generating compressed unique features of face images which helps in improving matching speed of recognition. The training face database samples are applied to 2D-DWT to obtain LL band features. The LL band features are subjected to normalization to scale the magnitude values in the range 0 to 1. The output of normalization is further convolved with the original face sample to obtain unique features. The convolved output is subjected to Gaussian filter to obtain smoothened image features. Further, The feature vector of several image samples of single person are compressed to convert into single vector to database feature vectors are created by compressing feature vectors of single person face samples in to single column unique vectors which helps in scaling down of feature vectors and improve matching speed. The test samples are subjected to same process to generate unique compressed test feature vectors and are compared with database vectors using Euclidean distance. The results are tabulated for different set of face databases and also compared with existing techniques to validate the performance of proposed method

Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico.MethodsWe performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.ResultsAll countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries-apart from Ecuador-across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups-the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017.ConclusionsOur subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.Peer reviewe

Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 : analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods: We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results: All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries�apart from Ecuador�across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50 or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10 of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups�the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. Conclusions: Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths