A system for crack pattern detection, characterization and diagnosis in concrete structures by means of image processing and machine learning techniques

A system that attempts to find cracks in a RGB picture of a concrete beam, measure the cracks angles and widths; and classify crack patterns in 3 pathologies has been designed and implemented in the MATLAB programming language. The system is divided in three parts: Crack Detection, Crack Clustering and Crack Pattern Classification. The Crack Detection algorithm attempts to detect pixels depicting cracks in a region of interest (ROI) and measure the crack angles and widths. The input ROI is segmented several times: First with an artificial Neural Network (NN) that classifies image patches in "Crack" or "Not Crack", then with the Canny Edge detector and finally with the local Mean and Standard deviation of the intensities. Then all neighborhoods in the mask are passed through special modified line kernels called "orientation kernels" designed to detect cracks and measure their angles; in order to obtain the width measurement, a line of pixels perpendicular to the crack is extracted and with an approximation of the intensity gradient of that line the width is measured. This algorithm outputs a mask the same size as the input picture with the measured angles and widths. The Crack Clustering algorithm groups up all the crack image patches recognized from the Crack Detection to approximate clusters that match the quantity of cracks in the image. To achieve this a special distance metric has been designed to group up aligned crack image patches; then with an algorithm based on the connectivity among the crack patches the clusters are obtained. The Crack Pattern Classification takes the mask outputs from the Crack Detection step as input for a Neural Network (NN) designed to classify crack patterns in concrete beams in 3 classes: Flexion, Shear and Corrosion-Bond cracks. The width and angles masks are first transformed into a Feature matrix to reduce the degrees of freedom of the input for the NN. To achieve a desirable classification in cases when more than 1 pathology is present, every angle and width mask is separated in as many Features matrices as clusters found with the Clustering algorithm; then separately classified with the NN designed. Several photos depicting concrete surfaces are presented as examples to check the accuracy of the width and angle measurements from the Crack Detection step. Other photos showing concrete beams with crack patterns are used to check the classification prowess of the Crack Pattern Classification step. The most important conclusion of this work is the transference of empirical knowledge from rehabilitation of structures to a machine learning model in order to diagnose the damage on an element. This opens possibilities for new lines of research to make a larger system with wider utilities, more pathologies and elements to classify.Se ha diseñado un sistema que a partir de una foto a color de una superficie de hormigón realiza las siguientes tareas: Detectar fisuras, medir su ángulo y ancho, clasificar los patrones de fisuración asociados a tres patologías del hormigón; el cual ha sido implementado en el lenguaje de programación MATLAB. El sistema se divide en tres partes: Detección y medición de fisuras; algoritmo de análisis de grupos de fisuras y clasificación de patrones de fisuración. El algoritmo de detección de fisuras detecta los pixeles en donde hay fisuras dentro de una región de interés y mide el ancho y ángulos de dichas fisuras. La región de interés es segmentada varias veces: Primero con una red neuronal artificial que clasifica teselas de la imagen en dos categorías "Fisura" y "No fisura"; después se hace otra segmentación con un filtro Canny de detección de bordes y finalmente se segmenta con la media y desviaciones intensidades en teselas de la imagen. Entonces todas las localidades de la máscara de imagen obtenida con las segmentaciones anteriores se las pasa por varios filtros de detección de líneas diseñados para detectar y medir las fisuras. Este algoritmo resulta en dos máscaras de imagen con los anchos y ángulos de todas las fisuras encontradas en la región de interés. El algoritmo de análisis de grupos de teselas reconocidas como fisuras se hace para intentar reconocer y contar cuantas fisuras aparecen en la región de interés. Para lograr esto se diseñó una función de distancia para que teselas de fisura alineadas se junten; después con un algoritmo basado en la conectividad entre estas teselas o vectores fisura se obtienen los grupos de fisura. La clasificación de patrones de fisuración toma las máscaras de imagen del paso de detección de fisuras y lo toma como dato de entrada para una red neuronal diseñada para clasificar patrones de fisuración en tres categorías seleccionadas: Flexión, Cortante y Corrosión-Adherencia. Las máscaras de imagen de ancho y ángulo se transforman en una matriz de características para reducir los grados de libertad del problema, estandarizar un tamaño para la entrada al modelo de red neuronal. Para lograr clasificaciones correctas cuando más de 1 patología está presente en las vigas, cada máscara de imagen de ángulos y anchos de fisura se divide en cuantos cuantos grupos de teselas de fisuras haya en la imagen, y para cada uno se obtienen una matriz de características. Entonces se clasifican separadamente dichas matrices con la red neuronal artificial diseñada. Varias fotos con superficies de hormigón se presentan como ejemplos para evaluar la precisión de las mediciones de ancho y ángulo del paso de detección de fisuras. Otras fotos mostrando patrones de fisuración en vigas de hormigón se muestran para revisar las capacidades de diagnóstico del paso de clasificación de patrones de fisuración. La conclusión más importante de este trabajo es la transferencia del conocimiento empírico de la rehabilitación de estructuras hacia un modelo de inteligencia artificial para diagnosticar el daño en un elemento de la estructura. Esto abre un campo grande de líneas de investigación hacia el diseño e implementación de sistemas automatizados con más utilidades, más patologías y elementos para clasificar.Postprint (published version

Liderazgo directivo y su correlación con el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas del distrito de Sarín, 2017

Esta investigación ha sido desarrollada con el objetivo de determinar el nivel de correlación que existe entre el liderazgo directivo y el desempeño docente en las Instituciones Educativas del Distrito Sarín 2017. El estudio fue de tipo no experimental, el diseño correlacional simple. Se tomó una muestra de directores y docentes de las instituciones educativas del distrito de Sarín, 2017; empleándose dos cuestionarios validados y confiables para la recolección de los datos de las variables analizadas y para su procesamiento el software de estadística para ciencias sociales SPSS V23. Los resultados se muestran mediante tablas y figuras estadísticas. El resultado que se obtuvo del Liderazgo directivo y su correlación con el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas; utilizando del Coeficiente de Prueba de Pearson, con un p-valor=0.001 (p-valor<0.01), se afirma que entre las dos variables existe una relación directa fuerte altamente significativa; por lo que se acepta la hipótesis de investigación y se rechaza la nula. El mayor nivel en la variable Liderazgo directivo, es el nivel regular con un 75%. Así mismo el mayor nivel en la variable desempeño docente es el nivel regular con un 57.5%. No quepa duda de la relevancia que adquiere el liderazgo directivo radica en que la presencia de ciertas prácticas de dirección escolar tienen un impacto positivo en las condiciones y trabajo de los docentes y, consecuentemente, en los resultados de aprendizaje de las escuelas, por cuanto comprenden un conjunto de competencias y habilidades que le permiten conducir eficientemente al personal de la institución, siendo el profesorado el eje fundamenta sobre el cual desarrollará sus actitudes de líder con la finalidad de mejorar el desempeño en aula de los maestros, dejando atrás al tradicional e inoperante directo escolar que se caracterizaba por la ausencia casi total de participación en el desempeño docente, dando paso a un director procaz que realmente dirija y guíe a su plantel

Design and implementation of a cloud-based platform for unleashing the personal and communal Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) concept has attracted a lot of attention in recent years and it is foreseen as one of the technologies that will leverage the Future Internet. It is seen as a major enabler of novel applications and services that will foster efficiency and will ease every day´s life. However, current IoT solutions are mainly focusing on the development of centralized solutions that do not promote the democratization of the IoT but rather concentrate the IoT around a set of cloud-based platforms which pretend to be open but limit the capacity of the people to tailor their Personal and Communal IoT. This paper describes a software platform based on available generic enablers as defined by the FIWARE initiative. It extends the existing architecture models to accommodate the requirements stemming from the vision of people-sourced IoT devices which are shared to create applications and services in smart communities where the owners of the shared devices are always empowered to control who, and in which circumstances, has access to the shared information.This work has been partially funded by the research project SOCIOTAL, under FP7-ICT-2013.1.4 (ref. 609112) of the 7th Framework Programme of the European Community. This work has been also supported by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) by means of the project ADVICE “Dynamic Provisioning of Connectivity in High Density 5G Wireless Scenarios” (TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R)

Conocimiento y Medidas Preventivas Respecto al Dengue en los Programas de Vaso de Leche, Distrito de Chepén, 2023

Introduction: This article addresses the issue of the level of knowledge and prevention of dengue in mothers of a glass of milk located in the province of Chepén, a disease that appeared as a consequence after the passage of Cyclone Yaku along the northern coast of Peru. Objective: To determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and preventive measures regarding dengue, in turn to evaluate the level of knowledge about dengue and preventive measures. Methodology: Study with a quantitative, descriptive, correlational approach of a cross-sectional cut; For this, surveys were applied to mothers who are members of the glass of milk program in the province of Chepén, a simple random sampling was used, obtaining an optimal sample of 110 people. The data collection technique was the survey and its instrument was the questionnaire on a Likert scale, which were reliable according to the Cronbach's Alpha statistic of 83%. Results: The level of knowledge about the disease and its preventive measures. They have a "high" level of knowledge about dengue, which represents 9.09%, likewise in 52 of them they have a "low" level of knowledge who represent 47.27%, finally 48 of them have a level of knowledge "medium or regular" representing 43.64%. Likewise, for preventive measures there is a "high" level of dengue prevention, with 1.82%, with a "medium" level of prevention measures with 38.18%, finally, a "low" level at 60%. Conclusion: the research supports significant evidence on the moderate and direct relationship between the level of knowledge and preventive measures on dengue.Introducción: El presente artículo aborda la temática sobre el nivel de conocimiento y prevención del dengue en las madres de vaso de leche ubicado en la provincia de Chepén, enfermedad que apareció como consecuencia tras el paso del ciclón Yaku por la costa norte del Perú. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento y medidas preventivas respecto al dengue, a su vez evaluar el nivel de conocimiento sobre el dengue y las medidas preventivas. Metodología: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo correlacional de corte transeccional; para ello se aplicaron encuestas a madres integrantes del programa vaso de leche en la provincia de Chepén, se usó un muestreo aleatorio simple obteniendo una muestra óptima de 110 personas. la técnica de recolección de datos fue la encuesta y su instrumento el cuestionario a una escala de likert los cuales fueron confiables según la estadística Alfa de Cronbach de 83% Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y medidas preventivas de la misma. Tienen un “alto” nivel de conocimiento acerca del dengue, lo que representa el 9.09%, así mismo en 52 de ellos cuentan con un nivel de conocimiento “bajo” quienes representan el 47.27%, por último 48 de ellos tienen un nivel conocimiento “medio o regular” representando el 43.64%. Así mismo, para medidas preventivas se tiene nivel “alto” de prevención del dengue, con 1.82%, con un nivel de medidas de prevención “medio” con un 38.18%, por último, un nivel “bajo” a un 60%. Conclusión: la investigación sostiene la evidencia significativa sobre la relación moderada y directa existente entre el nivel de conocimiento y las medidas preventivas sobre el dengue &nbsp

Estrategias Pedagógicas en el aula y su Influencia en el desarrollo socioemocional de los Estudiantes

The implementation of pedagogical strategies in classroom processes has a positive influence on the socio-emotional development of students, since it allows them to develop skills that will be useful throughout their lives, both personally and professionally. In addition, by fostering an environment of respect, collaboration, and empathy in the classroom, it contributes to creating a more positive school climate that is conducive to learning. The objective of the study is to establish the influence of pedagogical strategies on the socio-emotional development of students in different educational institutions. In relation to the methodological framework, it is a study with a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design; For data collection, the survey was used as a technique and the questionnaire as an instrument; Similarly, to process the data, the IBM SPSS Statistics software was used. The findings found resulted in the implementation of pedagogical strategies fostering cooperative learning among students, allowing them to work in teams to achieve a common goal, where students learn to work collaboratively, to communicate and to respect the opinions of their peers, which It helps to develop socio-emotional skills such as empathy and collaboration. &nbsp;&nbsp; La implementación de las estrategias pedagógicas en los procesos áulicos tiene una influencia positiva en el desarrollo socioemocional de los estudiantes, ya que les permite desarrollar habilidades que les serán útiles a lo largo de su vida, tanto en el ámbito personal como en el profesional. Además, al fomentar un ambiente de respeto, colaboración y empatía en el aula, se contribuye a crear un clima escolar más positivo y propicio para el aprendizaje. El objetivo del estudio es establecer la influencia de las estrategias pedagógicas en el desarrollo socioemocional de los educandos en las diferentes instituciones educativas. En relación al marco metodológico es un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo con diseño pre-experimental; para la recolección de datos se utilizó como técnica la encuesta y como instrumento al cuestionario; de igual forma, para procesar los datos se utilizó el software IBM SPSS Statistics. Los hallazgos encontrados dieron como resultado que la implementación de las estrategias pedagógicas fomentó el aprendizaje cooperativo entre los educandos permitiéndoles trabajar en equipos para alcanzar una meta común, donde los estudiantes aprenden a trabajar colaborativamente, a comunicarse y a respetar las opiniones de sus compañeros, lo que contribuye a desarrollar habilidades socioemocionales como la empatía y la colaboración

Seroprevalencia del virus de la leucosis en bovinos del departamento del Caquetá, Colombia: Sero-prevalence of bovine Leukemia virus in Caquetá

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), this disease is a neoplasm of lymphatic tissue in bovine species.&nbsp; The aim of this article was determinate the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus in dual-purpose cattle from nine municipalities that produce the 98% of milk in the Caquetá state, Colombia. Blood samples were collected in 100 herds dedicates to dual purpose cattle, obtained blood serum from 1000 animals, of which 893 corresponding to cows. Indirect Elisa test for detection of antibodies anti-GP51 of BLV was performance and the positive cases were considered if the serum-to-positive ratio with percentages of M/N lower than 40%. Categorized data were analyzed by contingency tables and ANOVA at the significant level of p&lt;0.05 by DGC test was performed. The overall sero-prevalence of BLV in Caquetá state was of 25.18% (95%, CI: 21.9-28.46%), in males 26.25% and females 25.37% respectively. At municipal level the sero-prevalence varied of 7.12 to 41.81%. The prevalence of BLV at herd level was of 67% (95%, CI: 57.24-76.76%). In conclusion, the sero-prevalence of BLV in the dual-purpose livestock system over 36 months of age in Caquetá state is moderate, do not exist statistical difference between sero-prevalence of cows and bulls. At level of herds the prevalence of BLV is high. Improving strategies of control and managements in the herds, as well as implement policies of sanitary management are necessary.El virus de la leucosis bovina (VLB) es el agente de la leucosis enzoótica bovina (LEB), una neoplasia en tejido linfáticos de la especie bovina. El objetivo del presente artículo fue determinar la prevalencia del virus de la leucosis bovina en ganado doble propósito mayor a 36 meses en nueve municipios que producen el 98% de la leche en el departamento del Caquetá, Colombia. En nueve municipios fueron colectadas muestras de sangre en 100 predios ganaderos dedicados al sistema de doble propósito, obteniendo suero sanguíneo de 1000 animales, de los cuáles 893 correspondieron a vacas. Se realizó la prueba Elisa indirecta para detección de anticuerpos anti GP51 para VLB considerando casos positivos con porcentajes de M/N menor a 40%. Los datos categorizados fueron analizados por tablas de contingencia y fue desarrollada ANAVA por prueba DGC a un nivel de significancia de p&lt;0,05. Se obtuvo una seroprevalencia general de 25,18% (p&lt;0,05, IC: 21,9-28,46%) en el departamento del Caquetá, 26,25% en machos y de 25,37% en hembras respectivamente. A nivel municipal la seroprevalencia varió desde el 7.12% hasta el 41,81%. La prevalencia de VLB a nivel de predios fue del 67% (p&lt;0,05, IC: 57,24-76,76%). En conclusión, la seroprevalencia de VLB in ganado doble propósito mayor a 36 meses es moderado, no existiendo diferencia entre la prevalencia en toros y vacas. A nivel de hatos la prevalencia fue alta. Es necesario mejorar las estrategias de manejo y control de hatos, así como aplicar políticas de manejo sanitario

Cruise Summary Report - MEDWAVES survey. MEDiterranean out flow WAter and Vulnerable EcosystemS (MEDWAVES)

The MEDWAVES (MEDiterranean out flow WAter and Vulnerable EcosystemS) cruise targeted areas under the potential influence of the MOW within the Mediterranean and Atlantic realms. These include seamounts where Cold-water corals (CWCs) have been reported but that are still poorly known, and which may act as essential “stepping stones” connecting fauna of seamounts in the Mediterranean with those of the continental shelf of Portugal, the Azores and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. During MEDWAVES sampling has been conducted in two of the case studies of ATLAS: Case study 7 (Gulf of Cádiz-Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea) and Case study 8 (Azores). The initially targeted areas in the Atlantic were: the Gazul Mud volcano, in the Gulf of Cádiz (GoC) area, included in the case study 7, and the Atlantic seamounts Ormonde (Portuguese shelf) and Formigas (by Azores), both part of the case study 8. In the Mediterranean the targeted areas were The Guadiaro submarine canyon and the Seco de los Olivos (also known as Chella Bank) seamount. Unfortunately it was not possible to sample in Guadiaro due to time constraints originated by adverse meteorological conditions which obligate us to reduce the time at sea focusing only in 4 of the 5 initially planned areas. MEDWAVES was structured in two legs; the first leg took place from the 21st September (departure from Cádiz harbour in Spain) to the 13th October 2016 (arrival in Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal took place the 8th of October due to the meteorological conditions that obligated to conclude the first leg earlier as planned). during the Leg 1 sampling was carried out in Gazul, Ormonde and Formigas. The second leg started the 14th October (departure from Ponta Delgada) and finished the 26th October (arrival in Málaga harbour, Spain). MEDWAVES had a total of 30 effective sampling days, being 6 days not operative due to the adverse meteorological conditions experienced during the first leg which forced us to stay in Ponta Delgada from the 08th to the 13th October. During MEDWAVES the daily routine followed a similar scheme, depending of course on the weather and sea conditions. The main activity during the day, starting early in the morning (around 08:00 AM, once the night activities were finished), was the ROV deployment. Generally a single ROV dive of around 8 hours was performed, however in several occasions two dives were carried out in the same day (see General station list, Appendix II). After the ROV (and sometimes between two dives) the Box Corer and/or Van Veen Grab and/or Multicore was deployed. After these activities, during the night CTD-Rosette deployments and MB was conducted. Accordingly to this schema the scientific personnel worked in the day or in the night watch. A total of 215 sampling stations have been covered in MEDWAVES, using the following sampling gears: Multibeam echosounder, CTD-Rosette, LADCP, Box Corer, Van Veen Grab, Multicorer and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). Table 1 sumamrised the number of sampling stations conducted with each gear in each sampling zone. Additionally MB surveys have been conducted during the transits between area

Escenarios y desafíos de la comunicación y la cultura en el espacio audiovisual iberoamericano

310 páginas (versión pdf)La UNIA, Campus Santa María de La Rábida, fue sede del 12 al 17 de noviembre de 2017 el Curso La comunicación y la cultural en Iberoamérica: 20 años de reflexión y cambios. La educación como futuro. Este curso se impartió de forma paralela al Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva, España, y ambos eventos forman parte de esta iniciativa educativa. Todas y todos los docentes que impartieron cátedra en este curso egresaron hace 20 años de la Maestría de Comunicación Audiovisual, que se impartía en el Campus de la Rábida de esta misma Universidad. Por lo tanto, este encuentro satisfizo dos objetivos: primero, reflexionar sobre los escenarios y desafíos del espacio audiovisual en Iberoamérica; y segundo, reencontrarnos como una comunidad pluricultural y diversa, donde nuestras diferencias y similitudes conlleva a un ejercicio de hermanamiento. Está claro que la diversidad cultural enriquece a quien la experimenta. Esta es una oportunidad de mirarnos en el espejo y reencontrarnos

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes