En el centenario de su nacimiento (1902-2002) : Karl Popper y la epistemología contemporánea

ABSTRACT: What means the thought of Popper at the present time? What importance has east philosopher for us to eight years of its death (London, 1994) and to one hundred years of its birth (Vienna, 1902)? What I contribute made Popper to the knowledge, the methodology, the Scientific Philosophy, and in special, what I contribute can be in its theory and epistemología for Social Sciences?RESUMEN: ¿Qué significa el pensamiento de Popper en la actualidad? ¿Qué importancia tiene este filósofo para nosotros a ocho años de su muerte (Londres , 1994) y a cien años de su nacimiento (Viena, 1902)? ¿Qué aportes hizo Popper al conocimiento, a la metodología, a la Filosofía Científica, y en especial, qué aportes pueden encontrarse en su teoría y epistemología para las Ciencias Sociales

La Facultad de Sociología de UNAULA : un capítulo de la sociología en Medellín (1967-2005)

RESUMEN: Este artículo presenta un cuadro general de la fundación del programa de sociología en la Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana, destacando las ideas y el contexto en el cual este proyecto pudo afianzarse. En especial, se identifican las etapas de desarrollo y de crisis académica e institucional, por las que debió pasar este importante proyecto académico e intelectual hasta la decisión de su cierre

Responding to the challenges of Water and Global Warming: Environmental Hydrogeology and Global Change Research Group (HYGLO-Lab)

[EN] The current Global Warming of planet Earth is probably the most important geological phenomenon in the last 20,000 years of its history and for human race. This process is having nowadays notable effects on the climate, ecosystems and natural resources. Possibly the most important renewable geological resource is water. One of the most strategic phases of the water cycle is groundwater. Despite its low visibility, quantitatively (and qualitatively too) it is essential for life on Planet Earth. Foreseeable consequences on groundwater due to climate change and sea level rise will be very significant. Hydrogeology can provide answers to many of the questions that are beginning to be raised in relation to these impacts and their effects. Environmental hydrogeology is a way of understanding the set of disciplines mixed in Hydrogeology as a Science of Nature. The HYGLO-Lab Research Group of the IGME-CSIC National Center attempts, through its lines of research, with a double global and local component, to provide answers to some of these questions.Peer reviewe

The Variant rs1867277 in FOXE1 Gene Confers Thyroid Cancer Susceptibility through the Recruitment of USF1/USF2 Transcription Factors

In order to identify genetic factors related to thyroid cancer susceptibility, we adopted a candidate gene approach. We studied tag- and putative functional SNPs in genes involved in thyroid cell differentiation and proliferation, and in genes found to be differentially expressed in thyroid carcinoma. A total of 768 SNPs in 97 genes were genotyped in a Spanish series of 615 cases and 525 controls, the former comprising the largest collection of patients with this pathology from a single population studied to date. SNPs in an LD block spanning the entire FOXE1 gene showed the strongest evidence of association with papillary thyroid carcinoma susceptibility. This association was validated in a second stage of the study that included an independent Italian series of 482 patients and 532 controls. The strongest association results were observed for rs1867277 (OR[per-allele] = 1.49; 95%CI = 1.30–1.70; P = 5.9×10−9). Functional assays of rs1867277 (NM_004473.3:c.−283G>A) within the FOXE1 5′ UTR suggested that this variant affects FOXE1 transcription. DNA-binding assays demonstrated that, exclusively, the sequence containing the A allele recruited the USF1/USF2 transcription factors, while both alleles formed a complex in which DREAM/CREB/αCREM participated. Transfection studies showed an allele-dependent transcriptional regulation of FOXE1. We propose a FOXE1 regulation model dependent on the rs1867277 genotype, indicating that this SNP is a causal variant in thyroid cancer susceptibility. Our results constitute the first functional explanation for an association identified by a GWAS and thereby elucidate a mechanism of thyroid cancer susceptibility. They also attest to the efficacy of candidate gene approaches in the GWAS era

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Ficha. Panorama reciente de las conflictividades y las violencias en las comunas 8 y 9 : percepción sobre la conflictividad armada en las comunas 8 y 9 : Organizaciones sociales

El texto aborda ampliamente la descripción de las formas de poblamiento, organización social y dinámicas urbanas que se desarrollaron en la ciudad de Medellín en el año 2003, generando problemáticas en las esferas económica, política, social y cultural, concretamente en las comunas 8 y 9. Así mismo, analiza la trama de conflictividad y violencia en estos territorios y la configuración de los diferentes escenarios de enfrentamiento bélico, disputa territorial y de control poblacional por parte de los actores armados en la ciudad. Este documento presenta una panorámica de los acontecimientos coyunturales sociales y políticos que se vivieron en la ciudad en ese momento histórico, generando a su vez, hipótesis e interpretaciones de la crisis con el propósito de sugerir tanto a las instituciones como la administración local, la magnitud de la responsabilidad que les compete al momento de generar políticas sociales adecuadas y eficaces que aseguren la cohesión social de las organizaciones comunitarias con el fin de generar autonomía al interior de éstas, orientando sus acciones en beneficio de la resolución de sus conflictos sin ser cooptadas por los actores armados y en aras de mejorar sus realidades.Empresas Públicas de MedellínEje conceptual: Lo sociopolítico estructurante Categoria: Conflicto armado; Precariedad Subcategoría: Actores armados; Amenazas; Control social; Marginalidad; Violencia

Balance de los cuarenta años del departamento de sociología de launiversidad de antioquia

En este artículo los autores exponen el proceso vivido por la sociología para su profesionalizacióncomo programa académico en la Universidad de Antioquia desde 1968. Se señala como planteamiento central que la reflexión y comprensión sobre las disciplinas sociales en Colombia ha descuidado el estudio del papel cumplido por las universidades regionales, lo cual ha impedido tener una visión más equilibrada y exacta de la evolución de la disciplina sociológica en Colombia. El texto brinda una panorámica sobre las distintas etapas y dificultades ocurridas en el programa de sociología de la Universidad de Antioquia, destacando las discusiones y reflexiones desarrolladas por los docentes y estudiantes en torno a la definición de los contenidos curriculares y la orientación y características que debían darse al plan de estudios, en especial, se muestra el debate generado a lo largo de estos cuarenta años entre una sociología empírica y una sociología teórica y, la necesidad de mantener diferentes enfoques paradigmáticos que debían cruzar el plan de estudios para orientar la comprensión de la realidad social colombiana.En general, este artículo señala la importancia, que para la sociología como disciplina académica, ha tenido el impulso del componente investigativo como uno de los elementos centrales de la formación sociológica, el cual junto con una rigurosa fundamentación teórica garantiza la formación de un sociólogo íntegro y comprometido con los problemas del país

Balance de los cuarenta años del Departamento de Sociología de laUniversidad de Antioquia

En este artículo los autores exponen el proceso vivido por la sociología para su profesionalizacióncomo programa académico en la Universidad de Antioquia desde 1968. Se señala como planteamiento central que la reflexión y comprensión sobre las disciplinas sociales en Colombia ha descuidado el estudio del papel cumplido por las universidades regionales, lo cual ha impedido tener una visión más equilibrada y exacta de la evolución de la disciplina sociológica en Colombia. El texto brinda una panorámica sobre las distintas etapas y dificultades ocurridas en el programa de sociología de la Universidad de Antioquia, destacando las discusiones y reflexiones desarrolladas por los docentes y estudiantes en torno a la definición de los contenidos curriculares y la orientación y características que debían darse al plan de estudios, en especial, se muestra el debate generado a lo largo de estos cuarenta años entre una sociología empírica y una sociología teórica y, la necesidad de mantener diferentes enfoques paradigmáticos que debían cruzar el plan de estudios para orientar la comprensión de la realidad social colombiana. En general, este artículo señala la importancia, que para la sociología como disciplina académica, ha tenido el impulso del componente investigativo como uno de los elementos centrales de la formación sociológica, el cual junto con una rigurosa fundamentación teórica garantiza la formación de un sociólogo íntegro y comprometido con los problemas del país