Prácticas colombianas galactogogas y tradiciones para evitar complicaciones mamarias: papel de enfermería

Introducción: La lactancia materna tradicionalmente ha estado relacionada a la cultura de cada familia y esta permeada por la de la sociedad, ya que cada comunidad practica su adecuada forma de alimentar al niño conforme a lo que ellos crean útil y provechoso. Es decir que la lactancia o práctica galactogaga además de ser un proceso natural lo es cultural por lo que lactancia depende de la diversidad de culturas. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas galactogogas de la mujer colombiana, las tradiciones para evitar las complicaciones mamarias y el papel enfermero en este evento. Métodos: Estudio  cualitativo exploratorio y de tipo fenomenológico. Resultados: En Colombia las mujeres utilizan para estimular la producción de leche materna: agua de panela, mazamorra de guineo verde, avena, batata cocida, levadura, malta, leche con panela, leche con ruda, levadura de cerveza, agua de  levadura, agua de maíz, leche de vaca o infusiones de hinojo y anís. Las mujeres indígenas, únicamente siguen los mandatos de la naturaleza y colocan al niño al pecho. Para evitar mastitis, dolor y grietas en el pezón utilizan masajes, gotas de leche materna e infusiones herbales tibias. Conclusiones: Las prácticas para estimular la producción de leche materna en Colombia, son tan diversas como grupos sociales y regiones hay en el país, y enfermería brinda apoyo educativo respetando la cultura, a la vez que enseña la  relevancia de la succión del niño como principal estimulador de la  producción  de leche materna

Patrones de consumo de frutas y hortalizas en la población urbana de Venezuela

Introduction: Studying the food consumption patterns of a population is important given the relationships between diet-disease, especially the consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) which are essential because they provide vitamins, minerals, fiber and bioactive compounds that contribute to achieve a state of integral health. The objective wasto identify and characterize the most important patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in Venezuelans between ages 15 and 65 years residing in urban areas during 2015.Material and methods: This research was carried out with data belonging to Venezuela from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), a descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out by a random, multi-stage quota sampling in its last phase (Clinical Trials registry: NCT02226627), with the purpose of collecting information on consumption of food and drinks through two 24-hour records. The representative sample for Venezuela was 1,132 subjects. A descriptive analysis of the consumption variables and a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) followed by a cluster analysis was performed.Results: the majority of the population does not consume an adequate amount of F&V per day (231.8 g), they prefer yellow-orange fruits over vegetables with stems and green leaves. Six consumption patterns were identified, as follow: low in vegetables (25.5%), rich in vegetables (13.4%), traditional (31.4%), rich in fruit (23.5%), non-consumers of fruits (2.9%) and non-consumers of vegetables (3.3%).Conclusions: The findings categorized the different patterns of consumption of F&V among Venezuelans living in urban areas, based on key variables such as the type of food, the amount consumed and, the shape and color of the fruit or vegetable. In addition, none of the patterns was characterized by meeting the F&V consumption recommendations, being insufficient in variety and quantity.Introducción: Estudiar los patrones de consumo alimentario de una población es importante dadas las relaciones existentes entre dieta y enfermedad, en especial el consumo de frutas y hortalizas (FyH) cuyo aporte de vitaminas, minerales, fibra y compuestos bioactivos contribuye a un estado de salud integral.El objetivo fue identificar y caracterizar los patrones de consumo de frutas y hortalizas predominantes en venezolanos de 15 a 65 años y residentes en las zonas urbanas, durante el año 2015.Material y métodos: Esta investigación ha sido desarrollada con los datos del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) correspondientes a Venezuela, un estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado mediante un muestreo aleatorio, polietápico por cuotas en su última fase (registro del protocolo del estudio en Clinical Trials: NCT02226627), con el propósito de recopilar información sobre consumo de alimentos y bebidas a través de 2 recordatorios de 24 horas. La muestra representativa para Venezuela fue de 1.132 sujetos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables de consumo y un análisis de interasociaciones mediante el uso del análisis de correspondencias múltiples (ACM), seguido de un análisis de conglomerados.Resultados: La mayoría de la población no consume diariamente cantidades adecuadas de FyH (231,8 g), prefieren frutos amarillo-naranja antes que las hortalizas de tallos y hojas verdes. Se lograron identificar 6 patrones de consumo que se han denominado “los aliñeros” (25,5%), “los ensaladeros” (13,4%), “los tradicionales” (31,4%), “los fruteros” (23,5%), “los no consumidores de frutas” (2,9%) y “los no consumidores de hortalizas” (3,3%).Conclusiones: Los hallazgos clasifican los distintos patrones de consumo de FyH encontrados, según algunas variables relevantes como tipo de alimento, cantidad consumida y color y forma de la fruta u hortaliza. Adicionalmente, ningún patrón se caracterizó por cumplir con las recomendaciones de consumo de FyH, siendo insuficientes en variedad y cantidad

Estrategia para prevenir errores de dispensación en la Farmacia Moderna de Zambrano Bolívar durante el año 2023

Este trabajo de investigación se elaboró con el ánimo de dar solución a un problema de errores de dispensación presente en la Farmacia Moderna de Zambrano Bolívar. Por lo que se hizo necesario la implementación de un estudio para encontrar las razones que provocaron esta problemática. Para garantizar el correcto tratamiento de la información, se hicieron encuestas a los colaboradores de dicha Farmacia, con el objetivo de evaluar las causas que dieron lugar o provocaron los errores relacionados con los procesos de dispensación de los medicamentos durante el desarrollo de sus actividades.This research work was prepared with the aim of providing a solution to a problem of dispensing errors present in the Modern Pharmacy of Zambrano Bolívar. Therefore, it became necessary to implement a study to find the reasons that caused this problem. To guarantee the correct treatment of the information, surveys were carried out among the collaborators of said Pharmacy, with the objective of evaluating the causes that gave rise to or caused errors related to the medication dispensing processes during the development of their activities

Postepizootic Persistence of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, Venezuela

Etiologic subtype IC of virus persists, 5 years after the major 1995 epidemic

Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition

The extent to which pre-Columbian societies altered Amazonian landscapes is hotly debated. We performed a basin-wide analysis of pre-Columbian impacts on Amazonian forests by overlaying known archaeological sites in Amazonia with the distributions and abundances of 85 woody species domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples. Domesticated species are five times more likely to be hyperdominant than non-domesticated species. Across the basin the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species increases in forests on and around archaeological sites. In southwestern and eastern Amazonia distance to archaeological sites strongly influences the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species. Our analyses indicate that modern tree communities in Amazonia are structured to an important extent by a long history of plant domestication by Amazonian peoples

Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come

Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses

The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools1,2, sequester carbon3,4 and withstand the effects of climate change5,6. Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables—in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition—are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species7, constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers—which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)—are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species

Evenness mediates the global relationship between forest productivity and richness

1. Biodiversity is an important component of natural ecosystems, with higher species richness often correlating with an increase in ecosystem productivity. Yet, this relationship varies substantially across environments, typically becoming less pronounced at high levels of species richness. However, species richness alone cannot reflect all important properties of a community, including community evenness, which may mediate the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. If the evenness of a community correlates negatively with richness across forests globally, then a greater number of species may not always increase overall diversity and productivity of the system. Theoretical work and local empirical studies have shown that the effect of evenness on ecosystem functioning may be especially strong at high richness levels, yet the consistency of this remains untested at a global scale. 2. Here, we used a dataset of forests from across the globe, which includes composition, biomass accumulation and net primary productivity, to explore whether productivity correlates with community evenness and richness in a way that evenness appears to buffer the effect of richness. Specifically, we evaluated whether low levels of evenness in speciose communities correlate with the attenuation of the richness–productivity relationship. 3. We found that tree species richness and evenness are negatively correlated across forests globally, with highly speciose forests typically comprising a few dominant and many rare species. Furthermore, we found that the correlation between diversity and productivity changes with evenness: at low richness, uneven communities are more productive, while at high richness, even communities are more productive. 4. Synthesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that evenness is an integral component of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, and that the attenuating effect of richness on forest productivity might be partly explained by low evenness in speciose communities. Productivity generally increases with species richness, until reduced evenness limits the overall increases in community diversity. Our research suggests that evenness is a fundamental component of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships, and is of critical importance for guiding conservation and sustainable ecosystem management decisions

Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions

Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species$^{1,2}$. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies$^{3,4}$. Here, leveraging global tree databases$^{5,6,7}$, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions