On functions between generalized topological spaces

[EN] This paper investigates generalized topological spaces and functions between such spaces from the perspective of change of generalized topology. In particular, it considers the preservation of generalized connectedness properties by various classes of functions betweengeneralized topological spaces.Bayhan, S.; Kanibir, A.; Reilly, IL. (2013). On functions between generalized topological spaces. Applied General Topology. 14(2):195-203. doi:10.4995/agt.2013.1588.SWORD195203142Bai, S.-Z., & Zuo, Y.-P. (2010). On g-α-irresolute functions. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 130(4), 382-389. doi:10.1007/s10474-010-0014-xS. G. Crossley and S. K. Hildebrand, Semi-topological properties, Fund. Math. 74 (1972), 233-254.Császár, Á. (2005). Generalized open sets in generalized topologies. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 106(1-2), 53-66. doi:10.1007/s10474-005-0005-5Császár, Á. (2002). Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 96(4), 351-357. doi:10.1023/a:1019713018007Császár, Á. (2003).  -connected sets. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 101(4), 273-279. doi:10.1023/b:amhu.0000004939.57085.9eCsászár, Á. (2007). Normal generalized topologies. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 115(4), 309-313. doi:10.1007/s10474-007-5249-9Császár, Á. (2008). δ- and θ-modifications of generalized topologies. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 120(3), 275-279. doi:10.1007/s10474-007-7136-9D. B. Gauld, M. Mrsevic, I. L. Reilly and M. K. Vamanamurthy, Continuity properties of functions, Colloquia Math. Soc. Janos Bolyai, 41 (1983), 311-322.Levine, N. (1963). Semi-Open Sets and Semi-Continuity in Topological Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly, 70(1), 36. doi:10.2307/2312781Mashhour, M. Abd. El-Monsef and S. El-Deeb, On precontinuous and weak precontinuous mappings, Proc. Math. Phys. Soc. Egypt 53 (1982), 47-53.Min, W. K. (2009). Almost continuity on generalized topological spaces. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 125(1-2), 121-125. doi:10.1007/s10474-009-8230-yMin, W. K. (2009). A note on θ(g, g′)-continuity in generalized topological spaces. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 125(4), 387-393. doi:10.1007/s10474-009-9075-0Min, W. K. (2010). (δ,δ′)-continuity on generalized topological spaces. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 129(4), 350-356. doi:10.1007/s10474-010-0036-4Mršević, M., Reilly, I. L., & Vamanamurthy, M. K. (1985). On semi-regularization topologies. Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics, 38(1), 40-54. doi:10.1017/s1446788700022588Reilly, I. L., & Vamanamurthy, M. K. (1985). On α-continuity in topological spaces. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 45(1-2), 27-32. doi:10.1007/bf01955019Shen, R.-X. (2008). A note on generalized connectedness. Acta Mathematica Hungarica, 122(3), 231-235. doi:10.1007/s10474-008-8009-6N. V. Velicko, H-closed topological spaces, Mat. Sbornik 70 (112) (1966), 98-112

On the Order Hereditary Closure Preserving Sum Theorem

[EN] The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following two theorems, an order hereditary closure preserving sum theorem and an hereditary theorem: (1) If a topological property P satisfies (Σ′) and is closed hereditary, and if V is an order hereditary closure preserving open cover of X and each V ϵ V is elementary and possesses P, then X possesses P. (2) Let a topological property P satisfy (Σ′) and (β), and be closed hereditary. Let X be a topological space which possesses P. If every open subset G of X can be written as an order hereditary closure preserving (in G) collection of elementary sets, then every subset of X possesses P.Gong, J.; Reilly, IL. (2007). On the Order Hereditary Closure Preserving Sum Theorem. Applied General Topology. 8(2):267-272. doi:10.4995/agt.2007.1892.SWORD2672728

Generalized open sets in grill N-topology

[EN] The aim of this paper is to give a systematic development of grill N-topological spaces and discuss a few properties of local function. We build a topology for the corresponding grill by using the local function. Furthermore, we investigate the properties of weak forms of open sets in the grill N-topological spaces and discuss the relationships between them.Thivagar, ML.; Reilly, IL.; Dasan, MA.; Ramesh, V. (2017). Generalized open sets in grill N-topology. Applied General Topology. 18(2):289-299. doi:10.4995/agt.2017.6797SWORD28929918

δ-closure, θ-closure and generalized closed sets

[EN] We study some new classes of generalized closed sets (in the sense of N. Levine) in a topological space via the associated δ-closure and θ-closure. The relationships among these new classes and existing classes of generalized closed sets are investigated. In the last section we provide an extensive and more or less complete survey on separation axioms characterized via singletons.Cao, J.; Ganster, M.; Reilly, IL.; Steiner, M. (2005). δ-closure, θ-closure and generalized closed sets. Applied General Topology. 6(1):79-86. doi:10.4995/agt.2005.1964.798661Cao, J., Ganster, M., & Reilly, I. (2002). On generalized closed sets. Topology and its Applications, 123(1), 37-46. doi:10.1016/s0166-8641(01)00167-5J. Cao, M. Ganster and I. Reilly, Submaximality, extremal disconnectedness and generalized closed sets, Houston J. Math. 24 (1998), 681-688.Cao, J., Greenwood, S., & Reilly, I. L. (2001). Generalized closed sets: a unified approach. Applied General Topology, 2(2), 179. doi:10.4995/agt.2001.2148K. Dlaska and M. Ganster, S-sets and co-S-closed topologies, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 23 (1992), 731-737.J. Dontchev and M. Ganster, On δ-generalized closed sets and T3/4 spaces, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kochi Univ. Ser. A Math. 17 (1996), 15-31.Dontchev, J., & Maki, H. (1999). Onθ-generalized closed sets. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, 22(2), 239-249. doi:10.1155/s0161171299222399W. Dunham, T1/2-spaces, Kyungpook Math. J. 17 (1977), 161-169.D. Jankovic, On some separation axioms and θ-closure, Mat. Vesnik 32 (4) (1980), 439-449.D. Jankovic and I. Reilly, On semi-separation properties, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 16 (1985), 957-964.Levine, N. (1970). Generalized closed sets in topology. Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, 19(1), 89-96. doi:10.1007/bf02843888Veličko, N. V. (1968). -closed topological spaces. Eleven Papers on Topology, 103-118. doi:10.1090/trans2/078/0

Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis

Background: Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods: We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance–bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011–12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature. Findings: From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671 689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583 148–763 966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426 277 of 671 689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33 110 (28 480–38 430) attributable deaths and 874 541 (768 837–989 068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece. Interpretation: Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases

CropPol: a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination

Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e. berry weight, number of fruits and kg per hectare, among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), Northern America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001-05 (21 studies), 2006-10 (40), 2011-15 (88), and 2016-20 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with ~700 common associated variants identified so far through genome - wide association studies . Here , we report 83 height - associated coding variants with lower minor allele frequenc ies ( range of 0.1 - 4.8% ) and effects of up to 2 16 cm /allele ( e.g. in IHH , STC2 , AR and CRISPLD2 ) , >10 times the average effect of common variants . In functional follow - up studies, rare height - increasing alleles of STC2 (+1 - 2 cm/allele) compromise d proteolytic inhibition of PAPP - A and increased cleavage of IGFBP - 4 in vitro , resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin - like growth factors . The se 83 height - associated variants overlap genes mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates ( e.g. ADAMTS3, IL11RA, NOX4 ) and pathways ( e.g . proteoglycan/ glycosaminoglycan synthesis ) involved in growth . Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low - frequency variants of moderate to large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes , and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways

Trans-ancestry meta-analyses identify rare and common variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension

High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death. However, there is limited knowledge on specific causal genes and pathways. To better understand the genetics of blood pressure, we genotyped 242,296 rare, low-frequency and common genetic variants in up to ~192,000 individuals, and used ~155,063 samples for independent replication. We identified 31 novel blood pressure or hypertension associated genetic regions in the general population, including three rare missense variants in RBM47, COL21A1 and RRAS with larger effects (>1.5mmHg/allele) than common variants. Multiple rare, nonsense and missense variant associations were found in A2ML1 and a low-frequency nonsense variant in ENPEP was identified. Our data extend the spectrum of allelic variation underlying blood pressure traits and hypertension, provide new insights into the pathophysiology of hypertension and indicate new targets for clinical intervention

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Abstract Background Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk