A study on chromium accumulation in Labeo rohita in the river Yamuna ecosystem in Mathura-Agra region in Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract: The present study revealed the chromium toxicity and its health measures in L. rohita from the Yamuna river at Mathura- Agra region. Samples were taken in triplicate from both sites i.e. Vrindavan (Bihar ghat) and Agra (Renuka Ghat). The study was carried out on Four different organs (i.e. gills, muscles, liver, and kidney) of the fish sample. The sampling was done from Oct 2018 to January 2020. Chromium concentration in different organs of the fish was analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS). The average Cr concentration in gills was highest (9.64  mg/l) at the Mathura site followed byAgra sites (7.78 mg/l) for the month of April 2019. The concentration of Cr was highest in samples taken in the month of April 2019 and it was lowest in October 2018. The significantly high Cr concentration values were observed in the Mathura region than the Agra region for both seasons. In all samples, Cr concentration was above the standards stated by WHO except in the Kidney. In the present study, the bioaccumulation factor showed the chromium concentration in the tissues followed the order of gill > liver > muscle > kidney. HPI, MQI, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis were also done in which HPI was observed very high and there was a positive correlation between all the samples.   Keywords:  Chromium, BCF, HPI, MQI, AAS, Fish Organ

Cladistic Parsimony Analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer Region (nrDNA) Sequences of Bouteloua and Relatives (Gramineae: Chloridoideae)

Chloridoideae) employing cladistic parsimony analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2) DNA sequences. Included were Aegopogon (2 of 4 species), Bouteloua (34 of 42), Buchloë (1 of 1), Buchlomimus (1 of 1), Cathestecum (2 of 4), Cyclostachya (1 of 1), Griffithsochloa (1 of 1), Hilaria (1 of 7), Opizia (2 of 2), Pentarrhaphis (2 of 3), Pleuraphis (2 of 3), Pringleochloa (1 of 1), Soderstromia (1 of 1), and five outgroup genera/species for a total of I8 genera, 56 species, and ten varieties. In all, the ITS region of 72 plants was sequenced and analyzed utilizing PAUP. Aegopogon, the Hilaria-Pleuraphis clade, and Tragus (an outgroup representative) formed a tetratomy with a clade containing the remaining ingroup taxa. Neither Bouteloua nor its two subgenera, Bouteloua and Chondrosium, were found to be monophyletic. Bouteloua chondrosioides was sister to Opizia. Bouteloua rigidiseta formed a clade with Buchlomimus and Pringleochloa. Bouteloua eludens formed a clade with Buchloë, Cathestecum, Griffithsochloa, Pentarrhaphis, and Soderstromia. Bouteloua annua and B. aristidoides (subg. Bouteloua) formed a clade with B. eriopoda, B. eriostachya, B. hirsuta, and B. pectinata (subg. Chondrosium). Bouteloua juncea, which has been included in the B. curtipendula complex, was not a member of that clade. No new circumscriptions were proposed, although recognition of Bouteloua in the broad sense, with Chondrosium reduced to synonymy, was advocated. The findings suggested homoplasy in morphological, anatomical, and breeding system traits

Prevalencija i analiza molekulske heterogenosti vrsta Campylobacter jejuni i Campylobacter coli izdvojenih iz ljudi, peradi i goveda u Pantnagaru u Indiji.

Thermophilic campylobacters are the leading cause of food -borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Reports regarding the prevalence of campylobacters in India are very few and no report on the use of molecular typing tools is available for this important pathogen. In the present study, a total of 612 stool/fecal samples collected from humans (n = 260), poultry (n = 239) and cattle (n = 113) were examined for the presence of thermophilic campylobacters by direct plating on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar plates, and employing conventional morphological and biochemical tests. Of these, only 43 samples showed positive Campylobacter colonies. Further, genus and species level identification and confirmation by multiplex PCR revealed the isolates from human (4) and cattle (1) to be Campylobacter jejuni, whereas, out of 38 isolates from poultry, 29 (76.32%) and 9 (23.68%) were C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. The genetic diversity of the isolates studied by flaA-RFLP typing, using DdeI restriction enzyme, revealed the presence of 11 and 7 flatypes among the 14 C. jejuni and 29 C. coli isolates, respectively. Dendrogram analysis showed that one of the C. jejuni isolates from poultry shared 100% genetic similarity with the human isolate. The prevalence rate in human, poultry and cattle was estimated to be 1.54, 15.89 and 0.88%, respectively, with a comparatively high prevalence of C. coli in poultry. This study appears to be the first of its kind from India, on the application of multiplex PCR and flaA-RFLP typing of Campylobacter isolates obtained from a variety of sources.Termofilni kampilobakteri vodeći su uzrok bakterijskog gastroenteritisa diljem svijeta koji se prenose hranom. Izvješća o njihovoj prevalenciji u Indiji su rijetka, a potpuno nedostaju izvješća o upotrebi molekularnih metoda za njihovu tipizaciju. U ovom je istraživanju bilo pretraženo ukupno 612 uzoraka i to 260 uzoraka stolice ljudi, 239 uzoraka izmeta peradi te 113 uzoraka izmeta goveda na prisutnost termofilnih kampilobaktera izravnim nasađivanjem na preinačen cefoperazon deoksikolatni agar s drvenim ugljenom. Uzročnik je bio identificiran uobičajenim testovima za određivanje morfologije i biokemijskih osobina. Kolonije kampilobaktera dokazane su samo u 43 pretražena uzorka. Daljnjim postupkom identifikacije na razini roda i vrste te potvrde višestrukom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom dokazano je da su četiri izolata iz ljudi i jedan iz goveda pripadali vrsti Campylobacter jejuni, dok je od 38 izolata iz peradi njih 29 (76,32 %) pripadalo vrsti C. coli, a 9 (23,68 %) vrsti C. jejuni. Istraživanjem genetske raznolikosti izolata na osnovi polimorfizma dužine restrikcijskog fragmenta gena flaA uporabom restrikcijskog enzima DdeI dokazano je 11 fla tipova među 14 izolata vrste C. jejuni i sedam fla tipova među 29 izolata C. coli. Analiza dendrograma je pokazala da je jedan izolat C. jejuni iz peradi bio identičan izolatu iz ljudi. Procijenjena prevalencija u ljudi iznosila je 1,54, u peradi 15,89, a u goveda 0,88 %, s relativno velikom prevalencijom vrste C. coli u peradi. Ovo je prvo istraživanje takve vrste u Indiji

Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Symptomatic Gallstone Disease and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Western Nepal

Introduction: Gallstone disease is one of the most common disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Biliary tract infection results from bile stasis due to chronic obstruction, mainly (80%) gallstones. Biliary obstruction increases ductal pressure, resulting in bacterial proliferation and dissemination. Proper guidelines for appropriate use of antibiotics in managing uncomplicated and complicated gallstone disease are lacking; on the other hand, the antibiotic usage for its management cover a broad spectrum of organism which may not be required most of the times. This study aims to determine the microbiology of the bile culture and antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease in our setup. Methods: This prospective study included patients admitted in surgery department with a diagnosis of symptomatic gallstone disease and subjected for laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy from 1st of Oct 2015 to 30th Sep 2016. The intraoperative bile of patients subjected for cholecystectomy were cultured aerobically in Blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolates were identified and tested for their sensitivity pattern. The data were collected, entered and then analyzed using SPSS version 23. The descriptive statistics were calculated. Results: Of the total 259 patients, bile culture was negative in 183 patients (70.7%) and was positive in only 76 patients (29.3%). Pseudomonas was the most common cultured organism in 52 (68.4%) patients. Other isolated organisms included E. coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Enterococci, and Acinetobacter. Imipenem and amikacin were the most effective prophylactic antibiotics. Conclusion: Bile culture was negative in majority of patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. Few patients are positive in culture with predominantly Pseudomonal growth, mostly sensitive to amikacin or imipenem

Developmental and Molecular Characterization of Emerging β- and γδ-Selected Pre-T Cells in the Adult Mouse Thymus

The first checkpoint in T cell development, β selection, has remained incompletely characterized for lack of specific surface markers. We show that CD27 is upregulated in DN3 thymocytes initiating β selection, concomitant with intracellular TCR-β expression. Clonal analysis determined that CD27^(high) DN3 cells generate CD4^+CD8^+ progeny with more than 90% efficiency, faster and more efficiently than the CD27^(low) majority. CD27 upregulation also occurs in γδ-selected DN3 thymocytes in TCR-β−/− mice and in IL2-GFP transgenic reporter mice where GFP marks the earliest emerging TCR-γδ cells from DN3 thymocytes. With CD27 to distinguish pre- and postselection DN3 cells, a detailed gene expression analysis defined regulatory changes associated with checkpoint arrest, with β selection, and with γδ selection. γδ selection induces higher CD5, Egr, and Runx3 expression as compared to β selection, but it triggers less proliferation. Our results also reveal differences in Notch/Delta dependence at the earliest stages of divergence between developing αβ and γδ T-lineage cells

Developmental and Molecular Characterization of Emerging β- and γδ-Selected Pre-T Cells in the Adult Mouse Thymus

The first checkpoint in T cell development, β selection, has remained incompletely characterized for lack of specific surface markers. We show that CD27 is upregulated in DN3 thymocytes initiating β selection, concomitant with intracellular TCR-β expression. Clonal analysis determined that CD27^(high) DN3 cells generate CD4^+CD8^+ progeny with more than 90% efficiency, faster and more efficiently than the CD27^(low) majority. CD27 upregulation also occurs in γδ-selected DN3 thymocytes in TCR-β−/− mice and in IL2-GFP transgenic reporter mice where GFP marks the earliest emerging TCR-γδ cells from DN3 thymocytes. With CD27 to distinguish pre- and postselection DN3 cells, a detailed gene expression analysis defined regulatory changes associated with checkpoint arrest, with β selection, and with γδ selection. γδ selection induces higher CD5, Egr, and Runx3 expression as compared to β selection, but it triggers less proliferation. Our results also reveal differences in Notch/Delta dependence at the earliest stages of divergence between developing αβ and γδ T-lineage cells

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Elliptic flow of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

The elliptic flow, v(2), of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 <y <4) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)= 2.76TeVwith the ALICE detector at the LHC. The scalar product, two- and four-particle Q cumulants and Lee-Yang zeros methods are used. The dependence of the v(2) of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays on the collision centrality, in the range 0-40%, and on transverse momentum, p(T), is studied in the interval 3 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. A positive v(2) is observed with the scalar product and two-particle Q cumulants in semi-central collisions (10-20% and 20-40% centrality classes) for the p(T) interval from 3 to about 5GeV/c with a significance larger than 3 sigma, based on the combination of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The v(2) magnitude tends to decrease towards more central collisions and with increasing pT. It becomes compatible with zero in the interval 6 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. The results are compared to models describing the interaction of heavy quarks and open heavy-flavour hadrons with the high-density medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe