Innovation and Staff Turnover in the Food Industry in Sergipe

The high rate of staff turnover has caused concern in the industrial sector, not only for the loss of labor, but also because it directly implies the capacity for innovation, which is essential for the development of companies in a globalized market. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the relationship between human resource turnover, known as Turnover, and innovation in the Sergipe food industry. A documentary search was carried out in the RAIS, CAGED databases to verify the turnover rate of the industries and a mapping of the patent deposits in the databases of the National Institute of Industrial Property, European Patent Office and World Intellectual Property Organization. When analyzing the average remuneration of the workers, it is noticed that the mineral extractive sector has the highest average remuneration of the state, so it was made the comparison with the food sector, when calculating the turnover rate of both sectors, it was verified that the food industry has a higher than extractive turnover rate. In addition, the Mineral Extractive Industry has a greater number of patent deposits compared to the Food Industry. In this way, it is understood that there is a relation between the turnover rate and the innovation of the sectors, since the Mining Extractive Industry, since it is a sector with higher qualified personnel and with a lower turnover rate, presented a larger quantity of patent deposits in comparison with the Food Industry which presented a higher rate of turnover

The Proposal of the Brazilian patent office for the backlog solution: An unconstitutional proposition

It is notorious that there is an efficiency crisis in the Brazilian patent system, unable to meet society\u27s demand for a faster patent examination. The INPI takes about 11 years to concede a patent. There are 231.184 pending patent applications, and in June of 2017 it promoted a public consultation proposing an infra-legal norm that allows the granting of patents without substantive examination in the country, the so-called simplified procedure of granting of patent applications. Currently, the Brazilian government recognizes that it does not have the structure to make the substantive examination of all pending patent applications. This article aims to analyze not only the legality but the very constitutionality of the proposal under examination. After analyzing the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and also the national legislation, it was concluded that it is not possible to grant patents without substantive examination in Brazil. In search of solution for INPI backlog, it should be based on the social interest and the technological development of the country, and this is not the case of the proposal commented in this paper

Utility Model Patent Protection Scenario in Brazil and the Indication Of Excessive Rigor in the Inventive Examination

Studies on utility model patents have shown this as an alternative for rapid patent protection that contributes to promoting the country\u27s economic development. Therefore, this research aims to propose a study of the utility model patent in the national patent system, aiming to know if this type of protection has served the purpose of innovative and technological evolution verified in countries with developing economies similar to Brazil. Regarding the methodology, this study is characterized by a quantitative exploratory study that was divided into two phases. The first phase was a bibliographic research related to utility model and the second phase was the analysis of applications for patents of invention and utility model. The results show that there is a greater amount of invention patent filings than utility model patent filings between 2000 and 2019. Also, it was noted that there is a significant decrease in the share of the utility model in the total of analyzed filings, as well as the PI deferral rate is higher than that of the MU in most of the cataloged years. As for the literature and jurisprudence analyzed, it was noticed that the inventive level required for the utility model patent is of lower intensity than that required for invention patents. Therefore, an accurate and objective definition of the inventive act requirement is suggested, in order to distinguish it precisely from the inventive step requirement, in order to speed up the analysis process and increase the demand for utility model patent filings

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

A LEI DE INOVAÇÃO NO ESTADO DA BAHIA E AS ADEQUAÇÕES NECESSÁRIAS DIANTE DO ADVENTO DO NOVO MARCO NACIONAL DE CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO

A criação de leis favoráveis à inovação constitui etapa fundamental para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do país. Em 2004, o Brasil estabeleceuseu primeiro grande marco legal, a Lei nº 10.973/04, conhecida como Lei da Inovação, a qual possibilitou a melhoria de indicadores, contribuiu para a interação entre Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas (ICT) e o segmento produtivo, serviu como parâmetro para criação de Leis estaduais de inovação, como a Lei nº 11.174//2008, do Estado da Bahia. Todavia, percebeu-se que mesmo com estes avanços, havia pontos de entrave e falta de sincronismo com outras leis. Assim, surgiu em 2016 a Lei nº 13.243/16, intitulada Novo Marco de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (NMCT&amp;I), objetivando suprir as necessidades da lei anterior, reformulando legislações e flexibilizando processos inovativos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho traça um paralelo entre o NMCT&amp;I e a Lei de Inovação do Estado da Bahia, apresentando os principais itens que necessitam de adequação

A Lei de Inovação Alagoana e sua Necessária Reformulação Diante do Advento do Novo Marco Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação

The favorable regulatory framework is an important factor in promoting innovation in a country. In 2004, with the advent of Law nº. 10,973/04, known as the Innovation Law, Brazil established its first major legal framework in this area, which contributed to the improvement of indicators in the sector, promoted greater interaction between Scientific and Technological Institutions (ICT) and the productive segment and served as a parameter for the creation of state innovation laws, such as Law 7,177 / 2009, of the State of Alagoas. However, it was realized that even with these advances, there were points of hindrance and lack of synchronism with other laws. Thus, Law No. 13,243 / 16, entitled New Framework for Science, Technology and Innovation (NMCT &amp; I) was enacted in 2016, aiming to meet the needs of the previous law, reformulating legislation and making innovative processes more flexible. In this context, this work draws a parallel between the NMCT &amp; I and the Innovation Law of the State of Alagoas, presenting the main items that need adaptation.O arcabouço normativo favorável constitui importante fator para a promoção da inovação em um país. Em 2004, com o advento da Lei n. 10.973/04, conhecida como Lei da Inovação, o Brasil estabeleceuseu primeiro grande marco legal nessa área, o que contribuiu para a melhoria de indicadores no setor; promoveu maior interação entre Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas (ICT) e o segmento produtivo; e serviu de parâmetro para criação de leis estaduais de inovação, como a Lei n. 7.117/2009, do Estado de Alagoas. No entanto, percebeu-se que mesmo com esses avanços, havia pontos de entrave e falta de sincronismo com outras leis. Assim, foi promulgada em 2016 a Lei n. 13.243/16, intitulada Novo Marco de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (NMCT&amp;I), objetivando suprir as necessidades da lei anterior, reformulando legislações e flexibilizando processos inovativos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho traça um paralelo entre o NMCT&amp;I e a Lei de Inovação do Estado de Alagoas, apresentando os principais itens que necessitam de adequação na referida Lei

Social cost of pending the patent examination in Brazil: An analysis of the deleteric effects of the sole paragraph of Art. 40 of law No. 9.279/96 in the post-patent segment

In Brazil, the general rule is that the invention patent has a duration of 20 years and that of a utility model, 15 years, counted from the filing date of the patent application. However, if the examination of a patent of invention or utility model is not completed within 10 or 8 years, respectively, the sole paragraph of art. 40 of Law nº 9,279/96 - Industrial Property Law (LPI) determines a differentiated methodology for the calculation of the validity of the right. The standard in question provides that, in this case, the patent will be valid for at least ten years in the case of IP and seven years in the case of MU, counting from the date of the granting of patent (and not the file). The present paper deals with the problematic involved in the extension of the term of validity of patent in the hypothesis of administrative slowness of Brazilian Office (INPI) in the appraisal of the application. As the vast majority of patents are granted using the benefit provided in the sole paragraph of art. 40 of the LPI, it will be analyzed the social cost of the automatic extension of the term of validity of the patent in the post-patent segment (pharmaceuticals and agricultural pesticides). It was found that the accumulated loss of the public coffers only taking into account nine medicines purchased by public health system (SUS) in regular centralized purchases up to January 2016 was over R$2 billion. As for agricultural pesticides, there was an annual cost of approximately R$ 318 million for the group of eight patents that were extended with the application of the legal safeguard

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe