Dynamics of moisture migration in structured fat as moisture barrier in food

The migration of moisture between different phases in multi-component food systems is a great concern in the food industry because they can affect the safety, stability, and sensory attributes of food. In a food system that contains a mixture of domains with different water activity levels, moisture migrates from high to low moisture content areas, and this leads to significant changes in structure and functionality of food. For example, moisture transportation in chocolate-covered biscuits could compromise their quality, stability, and organoleptic properties. Thus, it is important to apply a barrier that can prevent moisture movements in food. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of crystalline size and arrangement of a thin lipid layer on water migration from ambient humidity. Since the influences of the structural properties of this barrier film on oil migration have already been documented, the hypothesis is that lower moisture migration would be observed between the food product and surrounding environment. A thin layer of three different nanostructured fat systems, including cocoa butter, interestrified soy bean oil, and interesterified hydrogenated canola oil will be manufactured under the application of thermo-mechanical conditions. As a control, all samples will be crystallized statically under similar cooling conditions without application of the external force. The samples will be placed onto a silica gel mixture that provides 95% relative humidity. The crystalized samples will be stored at 5°C, 20°C, and 30°C in desiccators with controlled relative humidity. Variations in samples moisture content will be monitored and measured during 2 months to quantify moisture diffusivity through the fat crystal network. Promising results of minimal moisture migration through structured cocoa butter film have been observed. The results of this study are applicable in the food industry to minimize water migration between the product and surrounding environment.No embargoAcademic Major: Food Science and Technolog

Glutamatergic Plasticity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Ventral Tegmental Area Following Extended-Access Cocaine Self-Administration

Glutamate signaling in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area plays an important role in the molecular and behavioral plasticity associated with addiction to drugs of abuse. The current study investigated the expression and postsynaptic density redistribution of glutamate receptors and synaptic scaffolding proteins in dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area after cocaine self-administration. After 14 days of extended-access (6 h/day) cocaine self-administration, rats were exposed to one of three withdrawal regimen for 10 days. Animals either stayed in home cages (Home), returned to self-administration boxes with the levers withdrawn (Box), or underwent extinction training (Extinction). Extinction training was associated with significant glutamatergic plasticity. In dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of the Extinction group, there was an increase in postsynaptic density GluR1, PSD95, and actin proteins; while postsynaptic density mGluR5 protein decreased and there was no change in NMDAR1, Homer1b/c, or PICK1 proteins. These changes were not observed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex or ventral tegmental area. In ventral tegmental area, Extinction training reversed the decreased postsynaptic density NMDAR1 protein in the Home and Box withdrawal groups. These data suggest that extinction of drug seeking is associated with selective glutamatergic plasticity in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area that include modulation of receptor trafficking to postsynaptic density

KONSEKUENSI HUKUM BAGI PENYIMPANGAN TERHADAP KEWAJIBAN PERSETUJUAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TERKAIT DENGAN PERIZINAN BERUSAHA

  Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui dan memahami pemenuhan persyaratan terhadap persetujuan lingkungan hidup dan untuk mengetahui dan memahami konsekuensi hukum bagi penyimpangan pelaksanaan kegiatan terhadap kewajiban pada Persetujuan Lingkungan dalam Perizinan Berusaha. Dengan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, kesimpulan yang didapat: 1. Pemenuhan persyaratan persetujuan lingkungan hidup merupakan hal yang penting dalam upaya melindungi dan mengelola lingkungan hidup. Beberapa persyaratan utama yang harus dipenuhi meliputi studi Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL), konsultasi publik, izin lingkungan, evaluasi ahli, dan rencana pengelolaan lingkungan. Studi AMDAL menjadi landasan penting dalam proses persetujuan lingkungan hidup, karena melalui studi tersebut, dampak potensial suatu proyek terhadap lingkungan dapat diidentifikasi, dianalisis, dan mitigasi yang tepat dapat dirumuskan. 2. Konsekuensi hukum bagi penyimpangan pelaksanaan kegiatan terhadap kewajiban pada persetujuan lingkungan dalam perizinan berusaha, kepada mereka dikenakan sanksi pidana berupa denda atau hukuman penjara, tergantung pada tingkat keseriusan pelanggaran, pencabutan izin dan pemulihan lingkungan. Kata Kunci : persetujuan lingkungan, perizinan berusah

Surface Expression of GABAA Receptors in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens is Increased in Early but Not Late Withdrawal from Extended-Access Cocaine Self-Administration

It is well established that cocaine-induced changes in glutamate receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play a significant role in animal models of cocaine addiction. Far less is known about cocaine-induced changes in GABA transmission, despite its importance in regulating NAc output via local interneurons and medium spiny neuron (MSN) axon collaterals (GABA \u27microcircuit\u27). Here we investigated whether GABAA receptor surface or total expression is altered following an extended-access cocaine self-administration regimen that produces a time-dependent intensification (incubation) of cue-induced cocaine craving in association with strengthening of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) transmission onto MSN. Rats self-administered cocaine or saline (control condition) 6h/day for 10 days. NAc tissue was obtained and surface proteins biotinylated on three withdrawal days (WD) chosen to span incubation of craving and associated AMPAR plasticity: WD2, WD25 and WD48. Immunoblotting was used to measure total and surface expression of three GABAA receptor subunits (α1, α2, and α4) that are strongly expressed in the NAc. We found a transient increase in surface, but not total, expression of the α2 subunit on WD2 from cocaine self-administration, an effect that was no longer observed by WD25. The expression of α1 and α4 subunits was not altered at these withdrawal times. On WD48, when AMPAR transmission is significantly potentiated, we did not find any alteration in GABAA receptor surface or total expression. Our findings suggest that the strengthening of AMPAR-mediated glutamate transmission in the NAc is not accompanied by compensatory strengthening of GABAergic transmission through insertion of additional GABAA receptors

Recent updates on incubation of drug craving: a mini-review

Cue-induced drug craving progressively increases after prolonged withdrawal from drug self-administration in laboratory animals, a behavioral phenomenon termed 'incubation of drug craving.' Studies over the years have revealed several important neural mechanisms contributing to incubation of drug craving. In this mini-review, we first discuss three excellent Addiction Biology publications on incubation of drug craving in both human and laboratory animals. We then review several key publications from the past year on behavioral and mechanistic findings related to incubation of drug craving

Synaptic Depression Via Mglur1 Positive Allosteric Modulation Suppresses Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving

Cue-induced cocaine craving is a major cause of relapse in abstinent addicts. In rats, cue-induced craving progressively intensifies (incubates) during withdrawal from extended-access cocaine self-administration. After ~1 month of withdrawal, incubated craving is mediated by Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) that accumulate in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We found that decreased mGluR1 surface expression in the NAc preceded and enabled CP-AMPAR accumulation. Thus, restoring mGluR1 transmission by administering repeated injections of an mGluR1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) prevented CP-AMPAR accumulation and incubation, whereas blocking mGluR1 transmission at even earlier withdrawal times accelerated CP-AMPAR accumulation. In studies conducted after prolonged withdrawal, when CP-AMPAR levels and cue-induced craving are high, we found that systemic administration of an mGluR1 PAM attenuated the expression of incubated craving by reducing CP-AMPAR transmission in the NAc to control levels. These results suggest a strategy in which recovering addicts could use a systemically active compound to protect against cue-induced relapse

GABAA receptor subtype involvement in addictive behaviour

GABAA receptors form the major class of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain. This review sets out to summarise the evidence that variations in genes encoding GABAA receptor isoforms are associated with aspects of addictive behaviour in humans, while animal models of addictive behaviour also implicate certain subtypes of GABAA receptor. In addition to outlining the evidence for the involvement of specific subtypes in addiction, we summarise the particular contributions of these isoforms in control over the functioning of brain circuits, especially the mesolimbic system, and make a first attempt to bring together evidence from several fields to understanding potential involvement of GABAA Receptor Subtypes in addictive behaviour. While the weight of the published literature is on alcohol dependency, the underlying principles outlined are relevant across a number of different aspects of addictive behaviour

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Penerapan Algoritma Runut-Balik Pada Aplikasi Permainan Sudoku

In areas of the game, sudoku is one of a very popular logic game. Sudoku games can be classified into the type of Latin Square, with an additional constraint on the contents of each region separately. Sudoku board made up of nine pieces measuring 3 × 3 boxes (called blocks / subgrid) are arranged in such a way as to generate a large box measuring 9 × 9. This game is very difficult to play because they have to fill in the numbers in each column, with a unique number or none of the rows, columns and gridnya. With the existing difficulties created hint function. Hint's function is to provide assistance to fill in any blanks as a guide to determine the next value that will fill into the blanks in the game Sudoku. There are some troubleshooting with one algorithm using Backtracking algorithm based on DFS. With Backtracking algorithm based on DFS (Depth First Search) is solving the problem that is going on selesaiakan recursively and conduct problems in a systematic search for solutions to all possible solutions exist. Searches done by visiting the tree nodes. Trees that are traced dynamic tree, a tree that is constructed during the search for solutions takes place. search solution is complete when there are no more unvisited nodes of node that can be achieved. Testing of the algorithm implementation into the Backtracking Sudoku game between playing matches that manually using the settlement's easier with the completion or with the help of Backtracking algorithm and turnaround time faster Sudoku game