Effet des probiotiques sur l'induction et le maintien de la tolérance orale à la [bêta]-lactoglobuline chez la souris et étude de leurs mécanismes d'action

L’induction de la tolérance orale est une des stratégies intéressantes pour prévenir les allergies alimentaires chez les enfants classés à risque. D’autre part, la composition de la microflore intestinale des enfants est un facteur important pour le développement de la tolérance. L’effet des bactéries probiotiques sur la tolérance orale a été très peu étudié et leurs mécanismes d’action sont mal documentés. Nous avons comparé l’effet de trois souches probiotiques sur l’induction et le maintien de la tolérance orale à la β-lactoglobuline chez la souris. Il a été observé que l’effet des probiotiques dépend de la souche utilisée et que la tolérance orale est bien induite et maintenue, aux niveaux humoral et cellulaire, en présence de Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461. Les mécanismes d’action des probiotiques semblent être reliés à leur activité métabolique puisque des peptides issus de la β-lactoglobuline bovine, et libérés par L. paracasei ou Bifidobacterium lactis NCC362, modulent la réponse immune. Par contre, la stimulation de la voie de la cyclooxygénase-2 par les probiotiques n’a pas été observée, alors que l’implication de cette enzyme dans les mécanismes de la tolérance orale a clairement été démontrée.Inducing oral tolerance to commonly allergenic food proteins is seen as a promising means to prevent food allergy in newborn population diagnosed as at risk of allergy. The intestinal microbiota has been shown to play a key role in oral tolerance development. Recently, a great interest has been focused on probiotic bacteria for their purported beneficial effects on human health but their effects on oral tolerance induction have been poorly investigated. The effect of three probiotic strains (Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC362) has been investigated and oral tolerance to bovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) has been better induced and maintained in mice mono-colonized with L. paracasei. B. lactis and L. paracasei might induce oral tolerance through the hydrolysis of BLG and releasing of peptides with modified immunological properties. L. paracasei enzymes mainly hydrolyze acidic BLG-derived peptides and release smaller ones, which suppress splenocyte proliferation, down-regulate IFN-γ and IL-4 production and up-regulate IL-10 secretion. In contrast, hydrolysis of acidic BLG-derived peptides by B. lactis enzymes releases peptides, which stimulate splenocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-10 production and down-regulate IL-4. Moreover, the residual allergenicity of released peptides is significantly reduced after B. lactis hydrolysis. These results suggest that L. paracasei and B. lactis might promote oral tolerance by activating different cellular mechanisms: L. paracasei stimulating the active suppression pathway, whereas B. lactis stimulating T helper type 1 lymphocytes downregulating T helper type 2 lymphocytes, implicated in allergy. On the other side, neither L. paracasei nor B. lactis was shown to stimulate the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway while its implication in oral tolerance induction has been clearly demonstrated

Synbiotic effect of Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 and bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides on infant gut microbiota

Background: This study evaluated the impact ofBifidobacterium animalisssp.lactisCNCM I-3446, Bovine Milk-derived OligoSaccharides (BMOS) and their combination on infant gut microbiota in vitro. In addition, a novel strategy consisting of preculturingB. lactiswith BMOS to further enhance their potential synbiotic effects was assessed. Method: Short-term fecal batch fermentations (48 h) were used to assess the microbial composition and activity modulated by BMOS alone,B. lactisgrown on BMOS or dextrose alone, or their combinations on different three-month-old infant microbiota. Results: BMOS alone significantly induced acetate and lactate production (leading to pH decrease) and stimulated bifidobacterial growth in 10 donors. A further in-depth study on two different donors provedB. lactisability to colonize the infant microbiota, regardless of the competitiveness of the environment. BMOS further enhanced this engraftment, suggesting a strong synbiotic effect. This was also observed at the microbiota activity level, especially in a donor containing low initial levels of bifidobacteria. In this donor, preculturingB. lactiswith BMOS strengthened further the early modulation of microbiota activity observed after 6 h. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the strong synbiotic effect of BMOS andB. lactison the infant gut microbiota, and suggests a strategy to improve its effectiveness in an otherwise low-Bifidobacteriummicrobiota

Pro- and Synbiotics to Prevent Sepsis in Major Surgery and Severe Emergencies

Septic morbidity associated with advanced surgical and medical treatments is unacceptably high, and so is the incidence of complications occurring in connection with acute emergencies such as severe trauma and severe acute pancreatitis. Only considering the US, it will annually affect approximately (app) 300 million (mill) of a population of almost one million inhabitants and cause the death of more than 200,000 patients, making sepsis the tenth most common cause of death in the US. Two major factors affect this, the lifestyle-associated increased weakness of the immune defense systems, but more than this the artificial environment associated with modern treatments such as mechanical ventilation, use of tubes, drains, intravascular lines, artificial nutrition and extensive use of synthetic chemical drugs, methods all known to reduce or eliminate the human microbiota and impair immune functions and increase systemic inflammation. Attempts to recondition the gut by the supply of microorganisms have sometimes shown remarkably good results, but too often failed. Many factors contribute to the lack of success: unsuitable choice of probiotic species, too low dose, but most importantly, this bio-ecological treatment has never been given the opportunity to be tried as an alternative treatment. Instead it has most often been applied as complementary to all the other treatments mentioned above, including antibiotic treatment. The supplemented lactic acid bacteria have most often been killed already before they have reached their targeted organs

Induction of regulatory T cells: A role for probiotics and prebiotics to suppress autoimmunity.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that play a vital role in suppressing inflammation and maintaining immune tolerance. Given the crucial role of Tregs in maintaining immune homeostasis, it is probably not surprising that many microbial species and their metabolites have the potential to induce Tregs. There is now great interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics and prebiotics based strategies for a range of autoimmune disorders. This review will summarise recent findings concerning the role of probiotics and prebiotics in induction of Tregs to ameliorate the autoimmune conditions. In addition, the article is focused to explain the different mechanisms of Treg induction and function by these probiotics and prebiotics, based on the available studies till date. The article further proposes that induction of Tregs by probiotics and prebiotics could lead to the development of new therapeutic approach towards curbing the autoimmune response and as an alternative to detrimental immunosuppressive drugs

Bioactive Molecules Released in Food by Lactic Acid Bacteria: Encrypted Peptides and Biogenic Amines

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can produce a huge amount of bioactive compounds. Since their elective habitat is food, especially dairy but also vegetal food, it is frequent to find bioactive molecules in fermented products. Sometimes these compounds can have adverse effects on human health such as biogenic amines (tyramine and histamine), causing allergies, hypertensive crises, and headache. However, some LAB products also display benefits for the consumers. In the present review article, the main nitrogen compounds produced by LAB are considered. Besides biogenic amines derived from the amino acids tyrosine, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine, ornithine, and glutamate by decarboxylation, interesting peptides can be decrypted by the proteolytic activity of LAB. LAB proteolytic system is very efficient in releasing encrypted molecules from several proteins present in different food matrices. Alpha and beta-caseins, albumin and globulin from milk and dairy products, rubisco from spinach, beta-conglycinin from soy and gluten from cereals constitute a good source of important bioactive compounds. These encrypted peptides are able to control nutrition (mineral absorption and oxidative stress protection), metabolism (blood glucose and cholesterol lowering) cardiovascular function (antithrombotic and hypotensive action), infection (microbial inhibition and immunomodulation) and gut-brain axis (opioids and anti-opioids controlling mood and food intake). Very recent results underline the role of food-encrypted peptides in protein folding (chaperone-like molecules) as well as in cell cycle and apoptosis control, suggesting new and positive aspects of fermented food, still unexplored. In this context, the detailed (transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) characterization of LAB of food interest (as starters, biocontrol agents, nutraceuticals, and probiotics) can supply a solid evidence-based science to support beneficial effects and it is a promising approach as well to obtain functional food. The detailed knowledge of the modulation of human physiology, exploiting the health-promoting properties of fermented food, is an open field of investigation that will constitute the next challenge

Les guerres de la Révolution et de l’Empire : révolution ou continuité ?

Introduction La période de la Révolution et de l’Empire est marquée par l'omniprésence de la guerre. De 1792 à 1815, on ne compte qu’un peu plus d’un an de paix générale en Europe, avec le traité d’Amiens, de mars 1802 à mai 1803 ((REY (J.-Ph.), Histoire du Consulat et du Premier Empire, Paris, Perrin, 2016.)). Il serait donc intéressant de se questionner sur l’influence de cette période sur l’art de la guerre. En effet, si les évolutions sociales et politiques de la Révolution et de l’Empi..