Pseudotachylites along the Pustertal-Gailtal-Line, eastern Periadriatic Fault system, Austria

The Pustertal-Gailtal Line (PGL) belongs to the dextrally transpressive Periadriatic Fault system and forms the border between Southern and Eastern Alps. Although part of the ongoing convergence between Adria and Europe appears to be accommodated by this fault system, it reveals little instrumental and historical seismicity. In our study, we attempted to find evidence for past seismic activity along the PGL by investigating pseudotachylite occurrences. We investigated an area of c. 19 km2 to either sides of the PGL around Maria Luggau (Austria). We identified cataclasites and fault gouges along the fault core zone, from which we investigated only the cohesive rocks. Cataclastic, foliated Oligocene granitoids as well as garnet-mica schists of the Austroalpine basement are crosscut by cm- to dm-scale veins containing black fault rocks, which were sampled for further analyses (Fig. 1). Polarisation microscopy reveals that the vein-forming black fault rocks are often optically isotropic, testifying to their origin as quenched melts. Sharp margins of mm- to cm-sized injection veins against the surrounding host rock, well-rounded quartz and feldspar clasts, the absence of hydrous minerals in the matrix, as well as spherulites are further hints at a seismogenic origin of the studied fabrics. Some of the optically isotropic veins are internally foliated; their in-situ µ-XRF analysis of major element concentrations revealed chemical composition variations in the foliation. Even if this foliation might suggest overprinting by aseismic creep, our observations indicate a seismogenic origin of the studied fabrics as pseudotachylites

Quaternary Seismic Slip in the Eastern Alps: Dating Fault Gouges from the Periadriatic Fault System Using Trapped Charge Dating Methods

The Periadriatic Fault System (PAF) is among the largest post-collisional structures of the Alps. Recent studies using GPS velocities suggest that Adria-Europe convergence is still being accommodated in the Eastern Alps. However, according to instrumental and historical seismicity records, earthquake activity is mostly concentrated along structures in the adjacent Southern Alps and adjacent Dinarides. Apart from ambiguous historical events, the PAF has little to no earthquake record. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) are dating methods that can be applied as ultra-low temperature thermochronometers (closing temperature below 100 °C), with a Quaternary dating range of a few decades up to ~2 Ma. Both are potentially applicable to date shear heating during earthquakes in slowly deforming fault zones. Since the saturation dose of the quartz ESR signals is larger than that of quartz and feldspar OSL, ESR enables establishing a maximum age of the events (assuming the resetting during seismic events was at least partial), while OSL allows finding their minimum age when the signal is in saturation. We analyzed fault gouge samples from 4 localities along the easternmost segment of the PAF (east of the Giudicarie Fault), and 5 localities along the southernmost segment of the Lavanttal Fault. For ESR, we measured the signals from the Al center in quartz, comparing the results from the single aliquot additive dose (SAAD) and single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocols. Different grain size fractions were measured (SAR protocol) to establish a grain-size age plateau. For OSL, we measured the Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) signal at 50 °C (IR50) and the post-IR IRSL signal at 225 °C (pIRIR225) on potassium feldspar. Additionally, experiments of thermal activation of the OSL signal in quartz were performed to observe the shear heating effect in different grain size fractions. For the PAF, the OSL shear heating sensitivity experiments show that quartz has been thermally activated to temperatures below 300 °C, corroborating that shear heating was sufficient for at least a partial system reset. The ESR grain size plateaus suggest that the most effectively reset fraction is 100-150 µm. In general, our dating results indicate that the studied segment of the PAF system accommodated seismotectonic deformation within a maximum age ranging from 1075 ± 48 to 349 ± 17 ka (ESR SAR) and a minimum age in the range of 196 ± 12 to 281 ± 16 ka (pIRIR225). The obtained ages and the current configuration of the structure suggest that the studied segment of the PAF could be considered a potentially active fault at least. In the case of the Lavanttal fault, the ESR dose-response curves were either close to or in saturation, allowing to obtain only minimum ages of ca. 4 Ma for the last total reset of the system. This could be the result of insufficient shear heating by low magnitude earthquakes, or the fault has not seen significant activity since then. Altogether, our results show that large structures in the Eastern Alps such as the PAF have accommodated part of the Adria-Europe convergence during the Quaternary and can potentially host earthquakes in the future

Surface composition and structure of Co\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3eO\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e(110) and the effect of impurity segregation

The Co3O4 (110) single crystal surface has been characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). LEED analysis of the clean Co3O4 (110) spinel surface shows a well-ordered pattern with sharp diffraction features. The XPS spectra are consistent with stoichiometric Co3O4 as determined by the concentration ratio of oxygen to cobalt (CO /CCo) and spectral peak shape. In particular, the cobalt 2p XPS spectra are characteristic of the spinel structure with Co3+ occupying octahedral sites and Co2+ in tetrahedral sites within the lattice. During prolonged heating at 630 K, bulk impurities of K, Ca, Na, and Cu segregated to the surface. Sodium desorbed from the surface as NaOH at 825 K, potassium and calcium were only removed by sputtering since no desorption from the surface was detected for temperatures up to 1000 K. Copper also disappeared upon heating above 700 K, most likely by desorbing although the possibility of diffusion back into the bulk could not be eliminated. The appearance of copper impurities correlated with Co3O4 (110) surface reduction to CoO, and the surface could not be fully reoxidized even upon extended oxygen annealing as long as the copper impurity remained on the surface. Upon removal of the Cu from the near-surface region, the surface was easily reoxidized to Co3O4 by O2

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Social competence as a predicting factor of academic success

En este artículo se hace una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura sobre la relación entre las competencias sociales y el éxito académico. Analiza como las competencias sociales (cooperación, responsabilidad, asertividad, empatía y autocontrol) influyen en el éxito escolar de los estudiantes y plantea que, a través del desarrollo de estas competencias dentro de la comunidad educativa, se pueden crear en las instituciones educativas, factores protectores que permitan el incremento del éxito escolar.This article has done an exhaustive review of the literature on the relationship between social competences and academic success. Analyze how social competences (cooperation, responsibility, assertiveness, empathy and self-control) impact students' academic success indicating that growth in social competences fosters the development of protective factors in students, that in turn, influence learning and achievement

Competencia social como predictor de éxito escolar

En este artículo se hace una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura sobre la relación entre las competencias sociales y el éxito académico. Analiza como las competencias sociales (cooperación, responsabilidad, asertividad, empatía y autocontrol) influyen en el éxito escolar de los estudiantes y plantea que, a través del desarrollo de estas competencias dentro de la comunidad educativa, se pueden crear en las instituciones educativas, factores protectores que permitan el incremento del éxito escolar.This article has done an exhaustive review of the literature on the relationship between social competences and academic success. Analyze how social competences (cooperation, responsibility, assertiveness, empathy and self-control) impact students' academic success indicating that growth in social competences fosters the development of protective factors in students, that in turn, influence learning and achievemen

Satisfaction with life and its relations with religion and health in Colombian university students

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar las correlaciones entre la satisfacción con la vida, la religión y la salud en una muestra de 446 participantes (42,60% varones y el 57,40% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 18 a 69 años. Adicionalmente se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión múltiple por pasos con el fin de conocer las variables predictoras de la satisfacción con la vida. Todos los participantes completaron los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario sociodemográfico, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Cuestionario de Salud SF-36 y Escala de Religiosidad. A partir de los resultados se comprobó que la satisfacción con la vida no se asocia con la religión profesada. Mayor satisfacción con la vida fue predicha por mayor práctica religiosa organizacional, mejor salud general, mejor salud mental y mejor rol emocional. En definitiva, el nivel de satisfacción con la vida no parece estar relacionado con la religión profesada, aunque sí con la práctica de actividades que propone la institución religiosa de cada uno.The objective of the present study was to estimate the correlations between the satisfaction with life, religion and health in a sample of 446 participants (42,60% men and 57,40% women) between the ages of 18 to 69 years. In addition, an analysis of multiple regression by steps was made in order to determine the predictors of life satisfaction. All participants completed the following instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scales, SF-36 Questionnaire of Health and Scale of Religiosity. From the results it was found that the satisfaction with life was not associated with the religion professed. Greater satisfaction with life was predicted by greater organizational religious practice, better general health, better mental health and better emotional role. In conclusion the level of satisfaction with life does not seem to be related to the religion professed, but with the practice of activities proposed by the religious institution of each one

Depression and anxiety in decision-making, existential isolation, death and lack of vital sense in religious and non-religious people

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir la ansiedad ante las situaciones existenciales en religiosos y no religiosos en una muestra 100 universitarios colombianos, con una edad promedio de 22 años. Los participantes completaron el ANSIV que mide ansiedad existencial (ANSIV) y la Escala de Depresión de Zung. Los hallazgos comprueban que los no religiosos presentaron mayor ansiedad que los religiosos frente a la toma de decisiones; que no se observaron diferencias en relación al sentido de vida en ambos grupos; que los no religiosos presentaron ansiedad más exacerbada frente a la muerte que los religiosos y que los religiosos se encontraron menos ligeramente deprimidos que los no religiosos.The present study aims to describe the anxiety in existential situations in religious and non-religious people in a sample of 100 students from Colombia with an average age of 22 years. The participants completed the ANSIV that measures Existential Anxiety and SelfRating Depression Scale. The findings show that the non-religious presented higher anxiety than the religious people in decision-making process; no differences were observed in relation to the meaning of life in both groups; non-religious presented anxiety more exacerbated in the face of death than religious people and the religious were found slightly less depressed than non-religious

Depression and anxiety in decision-making, existential isolation, death and lack of vital sense in religious and non-religious people

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir la ansiedad ante las situaciones existenciales en religiosos y no religiosos en una muestra 100 universitarios colombianos, con una edad promedio de 22 años. Los participantes completaron el ANSIV que mide ansiedad existencial (ANSIV) y la Escala de Depresión de Zung. Los hallazgos comprueban que los no religiosos presentaron mayor ansiedad que los religiosos frente a la toma de decisiones; que no se observaron diferencias en relación al sentido de vida en ambos grupos; que los no religiosos presentaron ansiedad más exacerbada frente a la muerte que los religiosos y que los religiosos se encontraron menos ligeramente deprimidos que los no religiosos.The present study aims to describe the anxiety in existential situations in religious and non-religious people in a sample of 100 students from Colombia with an average age of 22 years. The participants completed the ANSIV that measures Existential Anxiety and SelfRating Depression Scale. The findings show that the non-religious presented higher anxiety than the religious people in decision-making process; no differences were observed in relation to the meaning of life in both groups; non-religious presented anxiety more exacerbated in the face of death than religious people and the religious were found slightly less depressed than non-religious

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication