Efficacy of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum and Cinnamomum Tamala in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia

In Modern medicine, Hypercholesterolemia is under dyslipidemia. It is the presence of high cholesterol level in the blood. Now days, Hypercholesterolemia is a dangerous problem among the people. To know the effectiveness of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum tamala in the management of Hypercholesterolemia to study the etiology, pathogenesis and symptomatology of Hypercholesterolemia according to Ayurveda and modern science. Total 30 patients of Hypercholesterolemia were treated with Bark powder of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum tamala, 1g. twice a day for 3 months. The results were assessed in terms of clinical recovery, symptomatic relief and assessment of Lipid profile

RA-MAP, molecular immunological landscapes in early rheumatoid arthritis and healthy vaccine recipients

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with poorly defined aetiology characterised by synovial inflammation with variable disease severity and drug responsiveness. To investigate the peripheral blood immune cell landscape of early, drug naive RA, we performed comprehensive clinical and molecular profiling of 267 RA patients and 52 healthy vaccine recipients for up to 18 months to establish a high quality sample biobank including plasma, serum, peripheral blood cells, urine, genomic DNA, RNA from whole blood, lymphocyte and monocyte subsets. We have performed extensive multi-omic immune phenotyping, including genomic, metabolomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and autoantibody profiling. We anticipate that these detailed clinical and molecular data will serve as a fundamental resource offering insights into immune-mediated disease pathogenesis, progression and therapeutic response, ultimately contributing to the development and application of targeted therapies for RA.</p

Health, education, and social care provision after diagnosis of childhood visual disability

Aim: To investigate the health, education, and social care provision for children newly diagnosed with visual disability.Method: This was a national prospective study, the British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2 (BCVIS2), ascertaining new diagnoses of visual impairment or severe visual impairment and blindness (SVIBL), or equivalent vi-sion. Data collection was performed by managing clinicians up to 1-year follow-up, and included health and developmental needs, and health, education, and social care provision.Results: BCVIS2 identified 784 children newly diagnosed with visual impairment/SVIBL (313 with visual impairment, 471 with SVIBL). Most children had associated systemic disorders (559 [71%], 167 [54%] with visual impairment, and 392 [84%] with SVIBL). Care from multidisciplinary teams was provided for 549 children (70%). Two-thirds (515) had not received an Education, Health, and Care Plan (EHCP). Fewer children with visual impairment had seen a specialist teacher (SVIBL 35%, visual impairment 28%, χ2p < 0.001), or had an EHCP (11% vs 7%, χ2p < 0 . 01).Interpretation: Families need additional support from managing clinicians to access recommended complex interventions such as the use of multidisciplinary teams and educational support. This need is pressing, as the population of children with visual impairment/SVIBL is expected to grow in size and complexity.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2–4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

非線型Klein-Gordon方程式の大域解の存在に対する一注意(函数解析を用いた偏微分方程式の研究)

<p><b>Fig 1A: Comparison of <i>PLAGL1</i> transcription derived from three alternative promoters (P1; P2; P5) in a panel of human tissues</b>. For each tissue, three individual RT-PCR reactions were performed, using primers that specifically amplify transcripts from P1 (lane ‘1’), P2 (lane ‘2’) or P5 (lane ‘5’) (See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185678#sec009" target="_blank">Materials and methods</a>). The top two panels show <i>PLAGL1</i> in cDNA samples: Ov, ovary; Ki, kidney; Th, thymus; Co, colon; He, heart; Li, liver; Br, brain; Pr, prostate; Sp, spleen; Pl, placenta; Ad, adipose tissue; Bl, bladder; Ce, cervix; Oe, oesophagus; Lu, lung; Sk, skeletal muscle; Sm, small intestine; Te, testes; Th, thyroid; Tr, trachea; Pa, pancreas. The molecular weight marker is GeneRuler 100bp+ ladder (Invitrogen). <i>PLAGL1</i> transcripts are subject to complex alternative splicing of the 5′-UTR, and the two major bands (arrowed) result from alternative splicing of the coding exons. The third panel down shows RT-PCR of the housekeeping gene <i>RPLP0</i> as a loading control for each reaction. All non-template (water) controls were negative. <b>Fig 1B: Comparison of <i>PLAGL1</i> transcription from the three alternative promoters in primary blood cells.</b> cDNA samples: leukocytes (peripheral blood leukocytes); CD14+ cells (monocytes); activated CD4+ cells (T helper/inducer cells); CD8+ cells (T suppressor/cytotoxic cells); activated CD8+ cells; CD19+ cells (B-lymphocytes); activated CD19+; NK cells (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185678#sec009" target="_blank">Materials and methods</a>). The panel below shows <i>RPLP0</i> as loading controls for each reaction. All non-template controls were negative. <b>Fig 1C: qPCR analysis of promoter P5 transcription in a range of blood cell RNAs, compared with pancreas and placenta tissue.</b> The expression levels of P5 transcripts were normalised to that of the endogenous control gene <i>RPLP0</i> in each sample, and are expressed in arbitrary units. <b>Fig 1D: qPCR analysis of promoter P2 transcription using the same cDNA samples as in Fig. 1C, for comparison.</b> Similar to the P5 qPCR, expression levels were normalised to RPLP0 expression, and are in arbitrary units.</p

Clinical Evaluation of Pleurotus florida (White Oyster Mushroom) – Chatraka in the management of Vitamin D deficiency

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) commonly called in India as 'dhingri' develops spontaneously on dead and rotting wooden logs or sporadically on dying trunks of deciduous or coniferous trees in temperate and tropical woodlands. On exposure to sunlight or UV lamp, oyster mushrooms produce concentrations of Vitamin D that are nutritionally significant. Though long periods of storage and different types of cooking tend to decrease the vitamin D level of UV-exposed oyster mushrooms, the vitamin D level in all probability expected to remain at 10ug/100g fresh weight, which is greater than the amount in the majority of foods containing vitamin D and comparable to the recommended daily intake of vitamin D at the global level. Eligible candidates (n=50) were screened by computerized randomization method to receive Pflorida soup during the 03-month study. The efficacy parameters were evaluated through the blood investigation Vit D 25 (OH)

Allelic expression of <i>PLAGL1</i> transcripts derived from promoter P5, isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes from a normal individual (sample H3), heterozygous for SNP rs2092894.

<p><b>A</b>: SNP alleles represented in cloned P5 transcripts indicate biallelic transcription as both alleles are represented. Data for P1 and P2 for sample H3 have been published previously, showing monoallelic and biallelic expression respectively [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185678#pone.0185678.ref007" target="_blank">7</a>]. <b>B:</b> Representative electropherograms of two cloned P5 transcripts indicating the alternative alleles at the location of the SNP (arrows). The sequence shown is 5'-3' with respect to the <i>PLAGL1</i> sequence. A representative sequence from this amplicon (clone 11; lower panel) has been deposited in GenBank (MF361142).</p