The performance of the jet trigger for the ATLAS detector during 2011 data taking

The performance of the jet trigger for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during the 2011 data taking period is described. During 2011 the LHC provided proton–proton collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and heavy ion collisions with a 2.76 TeV per nucleon–nucleon collision energy. The ATLAS trigger is a three level system designed to reduce the rate of events from the 40 MHz nominal maximum bunch crossing rate to the approximate 400 Hz which can be written to offline storage. The ATLAS jet trigger is the primary means for the online selection of events containing jets. Events are accepted by the trigger if they contain one or more jets above some transverse energy threshold. During 2011 data taking the jet trigger was fully efficient for jets with transverse energy above 25 GeV for triggers seeded randomly at Level 1. For triggers which require a jet to be identified at each of the three trigger levels, full efficiency is reached for offline jets with transverse energy above 60 GeV. Jets reconstructed in the final trigger level and corresponding to offline jets with transverse energy greater than 60 GeV, are reconstructed with a resolution in transverse energy with respect to offline jets, of better than 4 % in the central region and better than 2.5 % in the forward direction

Consumo, degradabilidade in situ e cinética ruminal em bovinos suplementados com diferentes proteinados

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de combinações de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio não proteico com fontes de carboidratos como suplemento para bovinos sobre o consumo, degradabilidade in situ, taxa de passagem e cinética ruminal em bovinos. Os tratamentos consistiram nos seguintes suplementos proteinados: CSUENC = casca de soja + ureia encapsulada; CSUREIA = casca de soja + ureia; MTAMIR = milho triturado + amireia; MTURENC = milho triturado + ureia encapsulada, MTUREIA = milho triturado + ureia. Os animais foram alimentados com feno de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu como fonte de volumoso. O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento quadrado latino 5x5 (cinco suplementos, cinco animais, cinco períodos). Não houve diferenças para consumo de nutrientes (P>0,05), exceto para consumo de proteína bruta g/kgPV0,75, em que se verificou maior consumo no tratamento CSUENC. Para frações fibrosas, foram obtidas maiores ingestões de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido (kg/dia; % PV; g/kgPV0,75), hemicelulose (% PV; g/kgPV0,75) quando alimentados com CSUREIA em relação àqueles com MTUREIA (P0,05), exceto para fração potencialmente degradável da celulose. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal no líquido ruminal foi influenciada pela composição dos proteinados (P<0,05), sendo superior para os tratamentos MTUREIA e MTURENC em relação à CSURENC. As combinações entre diferentes fontes de nitrogênio não proteico e de carboidratos nos diferentes suplementos não modificam o consumo e a degradabilidade da forragem. Dessa forma, a escolha dos ingredientes para formulação de proteinados deve ser realizada considerando-se disponibilidade e preços desses suplementos

Teores de proteína para vacas lactantes em pastejo de capim-elefante Protein contents for lactating dairy cows grazing elephant grass

Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de concentrados com diferentes teores de proteína bruta (PB) para vacas em lactação sob pastejo rotacionado de capim-elefante, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos (3x3). Os tratamentos foram concentrados suplementares contendo 15,2; 18,2 ou 21,1% de PB. Foram oferecidos 3kg de concentrado por vaca, duas vezes ao dia. A disponibilidade de matéria seca (MS)/ha de capim-elefante foi de 1.873kg ou de 17,4kg de MS/vaca dia-1. A MS do capim-elefante foi de 19,6%, contendo 13,9% de PB e 66,1% de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) e 67,4% de digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos quanto ao consumo diário de MS da dieta total (21,5; 21,6 e 20,8kg/d), MS do capim-elefante (16,1; 16,3 e 15,5kg/d) e FDN do capim-elefante (10,7; 10,7 e 10,3kg/d). As produções de leite (17,5; 17,2 e 17,6kg/d) e os teores de gordura (3,4; 3,5 e 3,5%), proteína (2,9; 2,9 e 2,9%), lactose (4,4; 4,4 e 4,4%) e N-ureia no leite (14,1; 14,6 e 15,8mg/dL) não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos (respectivamente, para 15,2; 18,2 ou 21,1% de PB). O teor de N-ureia no plasma foi maior (PTo evaluate the effect of feeding concentrate with different crude protein (CP) contents, lactating dairy cows grazing elephant grass were distributed in a 3x3 latin square. Three kg/cow of concentrates (15.2, 18.2, or 21.1% CP) were offered twice a day. Elephant grass dry matter (DM) availability was 1,873kg/ha; with a daily offer of 17.4kg/cow. The elephant grass DM content was 19.6% with 13.9% CP, 66.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 67.4% in vitro DM digestibility. There was no difference among treatments regarding total diet DM daily intake (21.5, 21.6, and 20.8kg/cow), elephant grass DM (16.1, 16.3, and 15.5kg/cow), and elephant grass NDF (10.7, 10.7, and 10.3kg/cow). Milk yield (17.5, 17.2, and 17.6kg/d) fat (3.4, 3.5, and 3.5%), protein (2.9, 2.9, and 2.9%), lactose (4.4, 4.4, and 4.4%), and N-urea (14.1, 14.6, and 15.8mg/dL) did not differ among concentrates (P>0.05). Plasma N-urea was higher in cows fed concentrate with 21.1% CP (11.5 = 12.2<14.4mg/dL, P<0.05). According to these results, concentrate with 15.2% CP can be used to lactating dairy cows grazing elephant grass, without affecting milk production as compared to concentrate with 18.2 or 21.1% of CP

Cluster studies in molecular beams

In the present work we study properties of clusters of small heteroatomic molecules with biological relevance by several experimental methods based on molecular beams. In the first experiment structure and dynamics of size-selected charged pyrrole clusters have been studied by means of molecular beam scattering experiment. Small neutral Pyn clusters were produced in Py/He expansions and larger mixed PynArm clusters in Py/Ar expansions, and the scattering experiment with a secondary beam of He atoms was used to select the neutral clusters of dierent sizes. The complete size-selected fragmentation patterns for the neutral dimer to tetramer after an electron impact ionization at 70 eV from the measurements of the angular and velocity distributions at dierent fragment masses. In second experiment photolysis of size selected pyrrole, imidazole and pyrazole clusters has been investigated. Comparison with the photolysis of an isolated molecules and between studied systems has been made. Clusters were photolyzed at 243 and 193 nm and the kinetic energy distributions of the H-photofragments have been measured and analyzed. Finally the mass spectra of the fragments after multiphoton ionization have been measured. The significant inuence of the cluster environment to the photolytic behavior was observed and discussed