Screening of antioxidant properties of the apple juice using the front-face synchronous fluorescence and chemometrics

Fluorescence spectroscopy is gaining increasing attention in food analysis due to its higher sensitivity and selectivity as compared to other spectroscopic techniques. Synchronous scanning fluorescence technique is particularly useful in studies of multi-fluorophoric food samples, providing a further improvement of selectivity by reduction in the spectral overlapping and suppressing light-scattering interferences. Presently, we study the feasibility of the prediction of the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity using front-face synchronous fluorescence spectra of apple juices. Commercial apple juices from different product ranges were studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the unfolded synchronous fluorescence spectra was used to compare the fluorescence of the entire sample set. The regression analysis was performed using partial least squares (PLS1 and PLS2) methods on the unfolded total synchronous and on the single-offset synchronous fluorescence spectra. The best calibration models for all of the studied parameters were obtained using the PLS1 method for the single-offset synchronous spectra. The models for the prediction of the total flavonoid content had the best performance; the optimal model was obtained for the analysis of the synchronous fluorescence spectra at Delta lambda = 110 nm (R (2) = 0.870, residual predictive deviation (RPD) = 2.7). The optimal calibration models for the prediction of the total phenolic content (Delta lambda = 80 nm, R (2) = 0.766, RPD = 2.0) and the total antioxidant capacity (Delta lambda = 70 nm, R (2) = 0.787, RPD = 2.1) had only an approximate predictive ability. These results demonstrate that synchronous fluorescence could be a useful tool in fast semi-quantitative screening for the antioxidant properties of the apple juices.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A pH optode based on thymol blue: application to determination of CO2 using flow injection analysis system

Este trabalho mostra a construção de um optodo baseado no indicador ácido - base azul de timol (TB) e sua aplicação como detector de um sistema para análise por injeção em fluxo (FIA) para determinação de CO2. O indicador foi quimicamente imobilizado na superfície de um feixe bifurcado de fibras ópticas de vidro, usando silanização em meio orgânico. No sistema FIA, amostras de carbonato ou bicarbonato são injetadas em uma solução tampão carregadora, e a seguir são misturadas com solução de ácido fosfórico para gerar CO2, o qual se difunde através de uma membrana de PTFE, para ser coletado em um fluido carregador aceptor, o qual é bombeado em direção à cela de detecção, na qual encontra-se o optodo. O sistema proposto apresenta duas faixas lineares de resposta, entre 1,0 x 10-3 e 1,0 x 10-2 mol l-1, e entre 2,0 x 10-2 e 0,10 mol l-1. A freqüência de amostragem foi de 11 amostras h-1, com boa repetibilidade (R.S.D < 4 %, n = 10). Sob condições em fluxo o tempo de vida do optodo foi de 170 h. O sistema proposto foi aplicado na análise de águas minerais comerciais, e os resultados obtidos na determinação de bicarbonato foram similares daqueles obtidos pelo método potenciométrico, a um nível de confiança de 95%.An optode based on thymol blue (TB), an acid-based indicator, has been constructed and evaluated as a detector in FIA system for CO2 determination. The dye was chemically immobilised on the surface of a bifurcated glass optical fibre bundle, using silanisation in organic media. In FIA system, hydrogen carbonate or carbonate samples are injected in a buffer carrier solution, and then are mixed with phosphoric acid solution to generate CO2, which diffuses through a PTFE membrane, in order to be collected in an acceptor carrier fluid, pumped towards to detection cell, in which the optode was adapted. The proposed system presents two linear response ranges, from 1.0 x 10-3 to 1.0 x 10-2 mol l-1, and from 2.0 x 10-2 to 0.10 mol l-1. The sampling frequency was 11 sample h-1, with good repeatability (R.S.D < 4 %, n = 10). In flow conditions the optode lifetime was 170 h. The system was applied in the analysis of commercial mineral water and the results obtained in the hydrogen carbonate determination did not differ significantly from those obtained by potentiometry, at a confidence level of 95 %.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Unesp Instituto de QuímicaUnicamp Instituto de QuímicaSecretaria Municipal de EducaçãoUnesp Instituto de Químic

Phase fluorometric method for determination of standard lifetimes

Rayleigh scatterers have long been used as standards for fluorescence lifetime determinations, but they have many drawbacks, including the well-known “color effect ’. To avoid these problems, various fiuorophores have been used as standards. Unfortunately, the lifetimes of these compounds are not agreed upon to better than 5%, and the compounds cited in the literature do not fully cover the 250–850 nm band of common fluorescence emission. We describe a multifrequency phase fluorometric method for accurately determining the lifetimes of monoexponential fluorophores (standards) without reference to another standard. Results are shown for some widely used standard fluorophores and some recently developed compounds. An Independent test of the accuracy of the method based on quenching experiments is presented. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved