A decision support system proposal for interbasin water transfer in Turkey

Mevcut su kaynaklarının endüstriyel, tarımsal ve kentsel su ihtiyacını karşılayamaması, su kaynaklarının restorasyonu, kuraklık, mevcut su temin sisteminin performansının ve esnekliğinin artırılması, enerji üretimi vb. gerekçeler ile Türkiye dahil birçok ülkede su transfer projeleri hayata geçirilmiştir. Havza içerisinde diğer doğal kaynaklarla birlikte bir bütünü oluşturan su kaynaklarının yapay yollarla bir bölgeden bir başka bölgeye transfer edilmesi, dikkatli bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi ve analiz edilmesi gereken çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Su kaynaklarının planlanması ve yönetiminde mevcut kurumsal yapı nedeniyle ciddi sıkıntılar yaşayan Türkiye’nin havzalar arası su transferi ile ilgili, karar vericilere yardımcı olabilecek, bilimsel verilerle desteklenmiş bir “karar destek sistemine” ivedilikle ihtiyacı vardır. Bu nedenle su ihtiyacının karşılanması için başka bir havzadan su transfer edilmesi seçeneğinin bilimsel verilerin ışığında irdelenebilmesi amacıyla bu çalışmada; güvenilir, basit ve Türkiye’nin mevcut kısıtlı veri birikimine uygun, konuyu sadece çevresel boyutu ile alan bir karar destek sistemi önerilmiştir. Önerilen karar destek sistemi, bir örnek olmak üzere Büyük Melen Su Transfer Projesi için uygulanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Havzalar arası su transferi, çevresel ve sosyoekonomik etkiler, karar destek sistemi.Achieving sustainable management of water resources is a conscious social decision that provides long-term durability of a watershed regarding ecological and economical means. The limited capacity of the world's water resources as an important natural capital (NC) cannot meet the growing demands of the socio-economic system (SES) without setting a strategy of sustainable management. One of the simplest solutions of the problem that is applied in many countries is water transfer from a rich water resource to another. Interbasin transfer of water can simply be described as the transfer of water artificially from one basin to another through a pipeline or a canal. Interbasin water transfers are a common component of many regional water systems. It has been in use for a long time all over the world. At present, a great number of various water transfer systems operate or are under construction for urban drinking water supply, irrigation, industry and environmental rehabilitation. Although it is clear enough that an underlying premise to this decision is the recognition of the interdependence between NC and SES that directly or indirectly influences the ecosystem, this important link is not taken into consideration in Turkey during decision making process with the goal of developing a long-term integrated plan for sustainable management of both watersheds. In this study, a reliable and simple decision support system was developed to help decision makers about interbasin water transfer. The first stage of the support system is the investigation of alternatives water resources. Reuse of urban waste water, desalination, rainwater harvesting and water demand management should be evaluated as a water resources and then transfer decision should be made. This subject is the main topic of water resources management that it was not evaluated within the context of this study. In the second stage the transfer decision is evaluated in details. After this stage it is possible to produce knowledge for decision makers about interbasin transfer is possible or not, and if it is, what would be the amount of water transferred, types of transfer (permanent transfer, contingent transfer). The decision support system was developed following three basic principles: First, the area of delivery must face a substantial deficit in meeting present or projected future water demands after consideration is given to alternative water supply sources and all reasonable measures for reducing water demand. Second, it will be provided that there will not be any substantially degradation of environmental quality in the donor basin. There will not be any destruction in habitat of living organisms that is under protected and economically valuable. Third, transfer will be possible, when the future development of the donor basin must not be substantially constrained by water scarcity. However consideration to transfer that constraints future development of donor basin may be appropriate if the receiving basin compensates the donor basin productivity losses. It is aimed that the support system should be appropriate to Turkey?s condition and must be reliable, simple and admitting of rapid assessment. Furthermore, the developed decision support system was implemented to Büyük Melen Water Transfer Project (Water transfer from Büyük Melen River to Istanbul) as an example. As a result of developed decision support system, to prevent degradation of ecosystem quality in the downstream of the diversion point of Büyük Melen River flow rate should be 18 m3/s at least. It is planned that the amount of the transferred water will be 8.50 m3/s at the first stage. For this reason the amount of transferred water must be 3.40 m3/s and 4.84 m3/s in July and October respectively, and this result indicates that water must not be transferred in August and September from the river. In the last stage of the projects the amount of transferred water should be as follows to prevent degradation of aquatic ecosystem: 34.74 m3/s in May, 13.40 m3/s in June, 3.40 m3/s in July, 4.84 m3/s in October transferred and no transfer in August and September. In this condition the average flow rate of transfer is 32 m3/s. It is planned that the amount of the transferred water will be 37.50 m3/s at the last stage. This planned flow rate is bigger than flow rate which is calculated with the developed support system. As a result Büyük Melen River ecosystem will be affected if the proposed action plan is not considered. Keywords: Interbasin water transfer, ecosystem quality, decision support system

Gerçek Zamanlı Otomatik Göl İzleme Sistemi ile Göl Metabolizması ve Fitoplankton Biyokütlesinin Uç Olaylar ve Çevresel Değişkenlere Göre Değişiminin Araştırılması

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG15.01.2018Ocak 2015 - Ocak 2018 dönemini kapsayan üç yıllık 4 is paketinden (IP) olusan TUBITAKprojesinin 1. IP si olan Eymir Gölü?nde yüksek frekanslı otomatik izleme istasyonun (YFOII)kurulması 2015 Haziran ayı itibari ile gerçeklestirilmistir. IP2 kapsamında planlanan çevrimiçiveri transferi ise ODTÜ, Limnoloji Laboratuvarında tahsis edilen bilgisayara uygun yazılımlararacılıgı ile aktarılmıstır. IP3, YFOII?den alınan verilerin kontrolü ve takibi, manuel su kaliteörneklemesi, YFOII verileri ile metabolizma hesabı, bu verilerin birincil üretim ve uç olaylarlailiskilendirilmesini kapsamaktadır. IP3 paketinden elde edilen sonuçlar ile Eymir Gölü?nünötrofik bir göl olmasına ragmen yılın çogu zamanı heterotrofik (Net Ekosistem Üretimi (NEP)0'dan küçük) özellikte oldugu yani atmosfere karbon salınımı yaptıgı tespit edilmistir.Fitoplankton asırı artıslarına ise genellikle Agustos ve Eylül aylarında su girisinin olmadıgı gölsuyunun durgun, hava sıcaklıgının yüksek oldugu dönemlerde rastlanılmıstır. Bu dönemlerdegöl metabolizmasının ototrofik (NEP 0'dan büyük) oldugu yani ekosistemin karbon tuttugutespit edilmistir. Bu durumun uzun yıllarca yürütülen restorasyon amaçlı evsel atıksuuzaklastırılması ve biyomanipulasyonun olumlu etkisi oldugu düsünülmektedir. Bunların yanısıra Eymir Gölü ani meteorolojik ve çevresel degisimlerden hızlıca etkilenmektedir. Özelliklerüzgar göldeki sıcaklık tabakalasmasını degistirmekte ve epilimnion tabakasındametabolizmanın salınımlar göstermesine sebep olmaktadır. Ancak bu degiskenlerin eskidegerlerine dönmesi ile sistem kendini kısa sürede toparlayabilmektedir.Ayrıca yine projenin 4. IP si kapsamında, ortaokul ögrencilerinin bilimsel süreçle tanısması,doga ve göl ekolojisi bilincinin ve duyarlılıgının gelismesini amaçlayan ?Eymir Gölü Elçileri?egitim paketi gelistirilmesi hedeflenmistir. Proje kapsamında gelistirilen egitim programı ODTÜAnkara Gelistirme Vakfı Ortaokulu ve Gölbası Cemil Yıldırım Ortaokulundan 5. ve 7. sınıfögrencilerine uygulanmıstır. Ayrıca proje çıktıları www.lem.bio.metu.edu.tr adresinden güncelolarak paylasılmıstır. Toplanan verilerin ilgili kurumlarla paylasılması içinde site içerisinde sifreile girilen bir sekme açılmıstır. Yine bilgiyi yayma kapsamında 9 Mart 2018 tarihinde ilgilibirimlerin davet edildigi mini-çalıstay düzenlenmistir.The establishment of a high-frequency automated monitoring station (HFAMS) was carried out inJune 2015 in Lake Eymir as the first work package (WP1) with four WPs in the TÜBİTAK project(project number: 114Y415) which covered the period of January 2015 to January 2018. Theonline data transfer planned within the scope of the second WP was provided through the propersoftware embedded in a computer allocated to Limnology Laboratory, METU. WP 3 included amanuel of water quality sampling to control and monitor data from HFAMS, further data qualitycontrol and assurance of the HFAMS, metabolism estimates from, and relating these data to netprimary productivity and extreme events. According to data from HFAMS obtained in WP 3, LakeEymir was determined to be heterotrophic (net ecosystem production (NEP) 0). Moreover. Lake Eymir wasrapidly subjected to the sudden meteorological and environmental changes. In particular, highwind speeds destroyed the lake stratification and caused instant fluctuations in metabolism inthe epilimnion layer. However, when wind speed returned to their previous phases, the systemwas restored back in a short period of time.Within the scope of the WP 4, it is aimed at devising a training package called “Lake EymirAmbassadors” for secondary school students with the purpose of having them recognizescientific processes and developing their awareness and sensitivity about nature and lakeecology. This training programme was applied to students of the fifth and seventh grades ofODTÜ Ankara Geliştirme Vakfı (ODTÜ GVO) and Gölbaşı Cemil Yıldırım secondary schools.Project outputs and data have been shared and updated online from this address(www.lem.bio.metu.edu.tr). Also, a mini-workshop to disseminate information was organized on9 March 2018 by which people from the relevant departments were invited.Keywords: Environmental factors, real-time automated water quality monitoring system, lakemetabolism, climate change, meteorological extreme events, citizen science, data transfe

Setting Measures for Tackling Agricultural Diffuse Pollution of Küçük Menderes Basin

We explained the methodology used in setting the basic and supplementary measures for diffuse pollutants at Küçük Menderes Basin. As the majority of diffuse pollutants arise from livestock breeding and agricultural activities, we focused to propose measures regarded with tackling the pollution from agricultural activities. The types and distribution of diffuse loads were expressed by total nitrogen and phosphorous parameters. We used the results of a yearlong surface water quality monitoring involving physico-chemical, chemical and biological parameters with specific pollutants and priority substances, set in the European Union Water Framework Directive as the AquaTool input data. The AquaTool model was run for attaining the outcomes of a series of measures determined according to the ecological sensitivity of each water body. The removal efficiency of pollution loads provided by the best management practices in agricultural activities and livestock breeding were compiled from literature, and typical removal rates were further determined for the basin. We produced nine alternative scenarios at first cycle for determining compliance measures for mitigating point and diffuse sources of pollution in surface water bodies, and water quality improvements observed in the Model were reported. A number of exemptions were defined for some of the water bodies that could not achieve the environmental objectives at the end of first implementation cycle. 759 proposed measures for tackling diffuse pollution were 81% of the total measures considered. Additionally, the measures for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution were almost equal to half of the diffuse pollutant measures, and 40% of the overall measures liste

Using Eddy Covariance Sensors to Quantify Carbon Metabolism of Peatlands: A Case Study in Turkey

Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured in a cool temperate peatland in northwestern Turkey on a continuous basis using eddy covariance (EC) sensors and multiple (non-)linear regression-M(N)LR-models. Our results showed that hourly NEE varied between −1.26 and 1.06 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, with a mean value of 0.11 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Nighttime ecosystem respiration (RE) was on average measured as 0.23 ± 0.09 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Two best-fit M(N)LR models estimated daytime RE as 0.64 ± 0.31 and 0.24 ± 0.05 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Total RE as the sum of nighttime and daytime RE ranged from 0.47 to 0.87 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, thus yielding estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) at −0.35 ± 0.18 and −0.74 ± 0.43 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Use of EC sensors and M(N)LR models is one of the most direct ways to quantify turbulent CO2 exchanges among the soil, vegetation and atmosphere within the atmospheric boundary layer, as well as source and sink behaviors of ecosystems

Groundwater dependent ecosystems. Part I: Hydroecological status and trends

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Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

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Diel dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements can be used to estimate water metabolism of aquatic systems, in particular, lakes, lagoons and streams in terms of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco) and net ecosystem production (NEP). One of the main assumptions in the calculation of lake metabolism is that Reco is the same for daytime (Rdaytime) and nighttime (Rdarkhr). This study aimed at testing the equal Rdaytime and Rdarkhr assumption to estimate GPP, Reco and NEP in a littoral zone of a temperate shallow lake (Lake Yeniçağa) in northwestern Turkey with and without the assumption. Based on the equal Rdarkhr and Rdaytime assumption, values calculated for GPP and Rdaytime were different than those based on the different Rdarkhr and Rdaytime assumption (P<0.001). GPP was lower by 7.5% in July, 49.6% in September and 14.9% in October, while Reco was lower by 5.9% in July and 55.8% in September. GPP was higher by 8.9% in August and 55% in November, while Reco was higher by 7.8% in August and 23.9% in November

Water Quality Managment At Efteni Catchment Area

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2000Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2000İçme suyu ihtiyacının karşılanabileceği kaynakların; insanın yaşamını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla giriştiği faaliyetler sonucu giderek kirlenmesi, kaynakların azalması veya nüfus artışından dolayı ihtiyacı karşılayamayacak olması insanları, mevcut ve potansiyel su kaynaklarının etkin kullanımı ve korunmasına yönelik kapsamlı ve uzun vadeli çözümler aramaya itmiştir. Bu bakımdan su kalitesi yönetimi; kaynakların etkin bir şekilde kullanımı ve korunması için vazgeçilmez olmuştur. Bu çalışma kapsamında; Büyük Melen Çayı’nın da içinde yer aldığı Efteni Havzası’ coğrafi, meteorolojik, hidrolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik yapı gibi kimi özellikleri özetlenmiş, Efteni Havzası’nda su kaynaklarına noktasal ve yayılı kaynaklardan gelebilecek kirletici yükler tanımlanmıştır. Havza içinde bulunan su kaynaklarının kalitesi ortaya konularak, Efteni Havzası’ nda su kalitesi yönetimi için uygulanabilir bir yakla&#355;&yacute;m tart&yacute;&#355;&yacute;lm&yacute;&#355;t&yacute;r..Pollution of the resources from which the need for potable water can be met as a result of activities carried out by the human beings in order to make their lives easier, running short of the sources or insufficient sources for needs due to population increase directed people towards the researches into the comprehensive and long-term solution concerning the protection and effective use of the present and potential water resources. Because of these facts, water quality management became mandatory for the protection and effective use of the resources. In this thesis: created data for planning, modelling has been made/to be made giving some futures of Efteni Catchment Area such as geographical, meteorological, hydrological, social and economical, climate, identified the possible waste load endangers the water resources, quality classification of the water resources in the catchment area was made according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation and, an applicable approach to water quality management in the Efteni Catchment Area was discussed.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Quantifying spatiotemporal rhythm of stream metabolism along human disturbance gradients

This study aimed at investigating the effects of the urban wastewater treatment plant (WTP) discharges on the metabolism of Büyüksu Stream (Bolu, Turkey), and modelling the metabolism components as a function of measured environmental variables. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temperatures (Tw) were measured to estimate montly stream metabolism in the four reaches: Before and after discharges of the WTP, and the headwaters of Abant Creek and Mudurnu Creek feeding Büyüksu Stream. The DO and Tw measurements were performed for 17 months between August 2015 and December 2016. Metabolism components of community respiration (Rc), gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem metabolism (NEM) were estimated by using the two-station method. According to naturality gradient (reach disturbance gradients: before and after discharges, and headwaters of the creeks), mean metabolism components were compared by performing the one-way analysis of variance. The comparison results showed that the WTP discharges increased the average Rc from −30.6 g O2 m−2 day−1 to −130.9 g O2 m−2 day−1, and had no significant impact on the average GPP, statistically (15.6 and 9.1 g O2 m−2 day−1 before and after discharges, respectively). Validations of the multiple non-linear regression models of NEM and Rc gave coefficients of determination of 74.9% and 66.6%, respectively.As the first study investigating the effects of WTP discharges on the stream metabolism in Turkey, the results were compared with the previous studies in the literature. The study demonstrated that the WTP discharges increased the mean Rc from −30.6 g O2 m−2 day−1 to −130.9 g O2 m−2 day−1, and had no significant impact on the mean GPP, statistically (15.6 and 9.1 g O2 m−2 day−1 before and after discharges, respectively). Furthermore, the study aimed at statistical modelling the metabolism rates as a function of measured environmental variables. The multiple non-linear regression models of NEM and Rc were derived with high validations (R2 of 74.9% and 66.6%, respectively)

Cost of Solid Waste Management: A Case of Bolu

Numerous studies concerning municipal solid waste management have been conducted in the literature, and there is a considerable accumulation of knowledge and experience about municipal solid waste management in Turkey. On the contrary, there are a few studies carried out about the cost of municipal solid waste management in Turkey. In this study, the cost of municipal solid waste management was investigated in the case of Bolu, and results were presented in the paper. The stream of municipal solid waste in the province of Bolu is periodically collected and distributed to the waste recycling center. Once papers, metals, and plastics that can be recycled are sorted out in the waste sorting center, the remaining solid waste is stored at the sanitary landfill. The cost of municipal solid waste management practice in Bolu is determined as 33,51 TL/ton waste and 56% of which value is used for worker