Temperature based rapid SAW humidity sensor

This paper investigates the effect of temperature on the sensitivity of a thin-film Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based SAW humidity sensor. A PVA coated 433.92 MHz SAW resonator-based humidity sensor was fabricated and tested with different levels of humidity (0.5 to 95% RH) at different operating temperatures (10°C to 70°C). The sensor response was recorded through in-house developed data acquisition software and it was observed that PVA thin film coated SAW sensor shows the maximum sensitivity for trace level moisture detection at a lower temperature (≤10 °C). The sensor sensitivity has been recorded >400Hz/% RH for trace level detection (0.5–30% RH). It has been observed that sensor sensitivity deteriorates when temperature increased to 40 °C from 10 °C. The sensor has a fast response (~1s) and recovery time (<3s) for trace level humidity detection. The proposed sensor can be used in many applications, including fabrication of electronic devices, IC fabrication, pharmaceutical, textile industries, food processing, semiconductor device fabrication, and packaging

Field Programmable Gate Array based Readout for Surface Acoustic Wave Portable Gas Detector

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) is one of the most promising technology in the field of gas sensing at low concentrations. Field deployable portable SAW detectors are, however, prone to noise, there by limiting the detection at low concentrations. To meet the current requirements of gas detection at low concentrations, the readout methodology needs to be based on minimal hardware and better noise management. In this paper we describe a readout scheme for portable SAW gas detectors incorporating a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The developed readout system includes a modified reciprocal frequency counter for differential SAW sensor, median noise filtering and moving averages smoothing for noise management, peak detection and interfacing with external display, all implemented in FPGA. The developed readout was tested against VOCs using a lab developed vapour generator and the results have been presented in the paper. The readout system is compact, low power consuming and expandable through software thus ideal for portable handheld applications

Detection of Landmine Signature using SAW-based Polymer-coated Chemical Sensor

The explosive charge within a landmine is the source for a mixture of chemical vapours that form a distinctive chemical signature indicative of a landmine. The concentrations of these compounds in the air over landmines is extremely low (parts-per-trillion or lower), well below the minimum detection limits of most field-portable chemical sensors. This paper describes a portable  surface acoustic wave-based polymer-coated sensor for the detection of hidden explosives. The sensitivity and selectivity of polymer-based sensors depend on several factors including the chemo-selective coating used, the physical properties of the vapour(s) of interest, the selected transducers, and the operating conditions. The polymer-based sensor was calibrated in the  laboratory using the explosive vapour generator. The preliminary results indicated that the carbowax 1000 could be a very good chemical interface to sense low levels of chemical signature of explosive material. Response for 50 ppb of TNT vapours was observed to be 400 Hz for an exposure of 2 min

Trace Detection of Nerve Agent Simulant in the Fuel Vapour Environment using Metal Oxide Surface Acoustic Wave E Nose

Nerve agents are often used at the military warfront, where diesel is a very common interferant. In the present work, a group of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, called E-Nose with dissimilar sensing layers is developed for the recognition of the mixture of diesel and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) vapors. The exposure of DMMP and diesel vapors is kept at ppb and ppm levels respectively. Varied response patterns of DMMP and diesel vapors were obtained by SAW E-nose. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to extract features from the response curves of SAW sensors. Artificial Neural Network pattern recognition has been implemented to identify the precise detection of DMMP vapors in the binary mixture of DMMP and diesel. The effect of pre-processing (using PCA) the raw data before feeding it to artificial neural network is also studied

Genetic Variation of Flavonols Quercetin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol in the Sri Lankan Tea ( Camellia sinensis

Flavonol glycosides in tea leaves have been quantified as aglycones, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol. Occurrence of the said compounds was reported in fruits and vegetable for a long time in association with the antioxidant potential. However, data on flavonols in tea were scanty and, hence, this study aims to envisage the flavonol content in a representative pool of accessions present in the Sri Lankan tea germplasm. Significant amounts of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol have been detected in the beverage type tea accessions of the Sri Lankan tea germplasm. This study also revealed that tea is a good source of flavonol glycosides. The Camellia sinensis var. sinensis showed higher content of myricetin, quercetin, and total flavonols than var. assamica and ssp. lasiocalyx. Therefore flavonols and their glycosides can potentially be used in chemotaxonomic studies of tea germplasm. The nonbeverage type cultivars, especially Camellia rosaflora and Camellia japonica Red along with the exotic accessions resembling China type, could be useful in future germplasm studies because they are rich sources of flavonols, namely, quercetin and kaempferol, which are potent antioxidants. The flavonol profiles can be effectively used in choosing parents in tea breeding programmes to generate progenies with a wide range of flavonol glycosides

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

EUFOREA Rhinology Research Forum 2016: report of the brainstorming sessions on needs and priorities in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis

The first European Rhinology Research Forum organized by the European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases (EUFOREA) was held in the Royal Academy of Medicine in Brussels on 17th and 18th November 2016, in collaboration with the European Rhinologic Society (ERS) and the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN). One hundred and thirty participants (medical doctors from different specialties, researchers, as well as patients and industry representatives) from 27 countries took part in the multiple perspective discussions including brainstorming sessions on care pathways and research needs in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. The debates started with an overview of the current state of the art, including weaknesses and strengths of the current practices, followed by the identification of essential research needs, thoroughly integrated in the context of Precision Medicine (PM), with personalized care, prediction of success of treatment, participation of the patient and prevention of disease as key principles for improving current clinical practices. This report provides a concise summary of the outcomes of the brainstorming sessions of the European Rhinology Research Forum 2016

The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests

Superconducting transition edge bolometer based on single phase BPSCCO 2223 thick film

275-278<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Single-phase Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BPSCCO) polycrystalline thick films on MgO substrates were used to realize superconductor bolometer, to detect infrared radiation. BPSCCO 2223 single-phase thick films were prepared by screenprinting technique with TC(R=O) =107K. The film is patterned as a meander line to increase the length and the resistance of the detector. The patterned thick film mounted on a thermal insulator and maintained at mid point temperature of superconducting transition constitutes the bolometer. The bolometer is current biased and exposed to chopped IR radiation of wavelength 915 nm, and the output is measured as voltage. The bolometer response is studied for chopping frequencies in the range of 1 Hz to 1 kHz. Responsivity of 15 V/W has been achieved at chopping frequency of 2 Hz.</span