Tourism and labour in Brazil.

Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt ProniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: O estudo que aqui se apresenta trata principalmente do Turismo no Brasil e das formas de trabalho nele existentes. Tendo como recorte analítico as transformações sociais e econômicas ocorridas no Brasil a partir dos anos noventa, o objetivo desta análise foi investigar a importância do Turismo na geração de ocupações no País, discutindo o perfil e a qualidade das mesmas. Portanto, buscou-se aqui verificar não apenas o volume de empregos, mas, também, os níveis de remuneração, os tipos de ocupação, a formalidade e a informalidade do emprego, a distribuição regional dos ocupados, dentre outras características importantes. Para contextualizar esta análise, além da discussão das metodologias de mensuração das ocupações no segmento, o texto inclui: (1) uma breve apresentação e um debate sobre o processo de desenvolvimento econômico e de configuração do mercado de trabalho brasileiro nas últimas décadas, especialmente, a partir dos anos 1990; (2) uma análise do processo de crescimento e transformação do complexo econômico do Turismo no Brasil, com o destaque para o enfoque nos ramos de atividade que formam o Núcleo Duro do Turismo, isto é, seu segmento mais dinâmico; e (3) uma reflexão acerca das políticas públicas de Turismo, que têm um papel fundamental sobre desenvolvimento da atividade e sobre a organização do trabalho no interior do mesmo. Pode-se considerar, a partir dos dados e da discussão apresentada, que apesar da expansão e do processo de modernização das atividades que compõem o centro da atividade econômica do Turismo, por um lado, e do fortalecimento das ações, programas e planos públicos para atividade no País, que sempre enfatizaram a importância da geração de empregos no segmento, por outro lado, o trabalho no Turismo brasileiro não apenas possui ainda um papel muito modesto em termos quantitativos, uma vez apuradas as metodologias de análise, como também não se destaca, na qualidade das ocupações geradas, daquelas encontradas de maneira ampla no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Pelo contrário, as ocupações encontradas no segmento turístico, em geral, caracterizam-se por rendimentos inferiores e maior precariedade, quando comparadas com outras atividades de Serviços, por exemplo. Todavia, a análise entre os ramos de atividade turística também revela diferenças importantes. De todo modo, ainda há muito que se avançar na formulação de políticas e na melhoria das condições de trabalho no Turismo, que há anos vem sendo muito valorizado, especialmente neste aspecto.Abstract: The study that is presented here deals mainly with the Tourism in Brazil and the existing forms of work within it. Taking as analytical approach the social and economic changes that have occurred in Brazil since the nineties, the objective of this analysis was investigate the importance of the Tourism in the generation of occupations in Brazil, discussing the profile and the quality of these jobs. Therefore, the attempt of this study was not only verify the number of jobs created, but, also, the wage levels, the types of occupation, the formality and the informality of the employment, the regional distribution of the occupied, among other important characteristics. To contextualize this analysis, beyond a discussion of the methods of measurement of occupations in the segment, the text includes: (1) a brief presentation and a discussion on the process of economic development and configuration of the Brazilian labour market in the recent decades, especially from the years 1990; (2) an analysis of the growth process and transformation of the Tourism economic complex in Brazil, with emphasis on the approach in the activity branches that form the Hard Nucleus of the Tourism, that is, its more dynamic segment; and (3) a reflection concerning the public policies on tourism, which have a key role on the development of the activity and the organization of the work within it. It can be considered, from the data and the presented discussion, that - despite the expansion and modernization process of the activities that compose the center of the economic activity of the Tourism, on the other hand, and the strengthening of the actions, plans and public programs for activity in the country, which has always emphasized the importance of the employment generation in the segment, on the other hand -, the work in the Brazilian tourism not only still has a very modest hole in quantitative terms, once refined the analysis methodologies, as well as doesn't stand out, in terms of the quality of the occupations created, of those found broadly in the Brazilian labour market. Rather, the occupations found in the tourism segment, in general, are characterized by lower incomes and more precarious conditions, when compared with other activities of Services, for example. However, the analysis between the branches of tourist activity also discloses differences that are important. In all way, there is much to make progress in policy formulation and in the improvement of the conditions of the work in Tourism, which for years has been highly valued, especially in this aspect.MestradoEconomia Social e do TrabalhoMestre em Desenvolvimento Econômic

The tourism policy in Brazil in the nineties

O artigo traça um panorama e apresenta uma reflexão sobre as políticas públicas de turismo no Brasil, ao longo da década de 1990. O primeiro aspecto enfocado é a gênese destas políticas. São abordados, na seqüência, os principais planos e intervenções publicas, nos âmbitos federal e regional, e as formas de financiamento público surgidas para este segmento. Após o exame crítico de alguns indicadores e dos principais impactos das políticas, conclui-se que a desregulamentação econômica e o direcionamento da política de turismo para o aumento da captação dos fluxos turísticos externos foram, em diversos aspectos, mal estruturados e equivocados.The article traces a panorama and presents a reflection on the public politics of tourism in Brazil, to the long one of the decade of 1990. The first focused aspect is the genesis of these politics. They are boarded, in the sequence, the main plans and public interventions, in the scopes federal and regional, and the appeared forms of public financing for this segment. After the critical examination of some pointers and the main impacts of the politics, is concluded that the economic deregulation and the aiming of the politics of tourism for the increase of the captation of the external tourist flows had been, in diverse aspects, badly structuralized and mistaken

Scale dependence and patch size distribution: clarifying patch patterns in Mediterranean drylands

In drylands, the underlying vegetation structure is associated with ecosystem functioning and ecosystem resilience. Although scale-dependent patterns are also predicted, empirical evidence often demonstrates that patch sizes are distributed according to a power-law probability distribution function or truncated power-law probability distribution function for a varied range of environmental conditions. Using satellite images and field measures, we assessed the spatial pattern of vegetation patches for a wide range of vegetation cover values in a large set of Mediterranean dryland (MDL) plots, focusing on the statistical distribution function that better fits the patch sizes. We found that power-law or truncated power-law probability distribution function does not always fit the observed patch size frequencies, while lognormal probability density function always fit well to them, implying that the vegetation structure is scale dependent for a large range of conditions. We show how the sampling approach, fit methods, and system dimensionality can affect the patch size distribution, which can explain some conflicting evidence obtained from the empirical data. Our findings question the robustness of criticality as the underlying mechanism driving vegetation patterns in MDLs. The better fit to patch size distribution provided by lognormal as compared with power-law indicates that multiplicative effects of multivariate local influences underlie pattern formation, and suggests that the role of plant–plant facilitation can be overestimated for a large range of conditions.Cristiano R.F. Granzotti acknowledges Capes and Alexandre S. Martinez acknowledges CNPq (307948/2014-5) for support. This work was supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grant No. 2013/06196-4 and Grant No. 2014/00631-3 and by the projects CASCADE (GA283068), funded by the European Commission, and DRYEX (CGL2014-59074-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

Vegetation pattern modulates ground arthropod diversity in semi-arid Mediterranean steppes

The ecological functioning of dryland ecosystems is closely related to the spatial pattern of the vegetation, which is typically structured in patches. Ground arthropods mediate key soil functions and ecological processes, yet little is known about the influence of dryland vegetation pattern on their abundance and diversity. Here, we investigate how patch size and cover, and distance between patches relate to the abundance and diversity of meso-and microarthropods in semi-arid steppes. We found that species richness and abundance of ground arthropods exponentially increase with vegetation cover, patch size, and patch closeness. The communities under vegetation patches mainly respond to patch size, while the communities in the bare-soil interpatches are mostly controlled by the average distance between patches, independently of the concurrent changes in vegetation cover. Large patches seem to play a critical role as reserve and source of ground arthropod diversity. Our results suggest that decreasing vegetation cover and/or changes in vegetation pattern towards small and over-dispersed vegetation patches can fast lead to a significant loss of ground arthropods diversity in drylands

Biomass and essential oil yields of cornmint (Mentha arvensis L.) grown in the irrigation area of Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.

The aim of this study is to determine the yield and composition of the essential oil of cornmint (Mentha arvensis L.) grown in the irrigation area of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Field tests were carried out under irrigation conditions, harvesting when 70% flowering was reached (in the summer and at the end of the winter seasons). Essential oil yields were 2% in the first cut and 1.6% in the second cut, respectively, the major constituents of the essential oil being menthol, menthone, isomenthone and menthofuran. In both cases, a high concentration of menthol was obtained, although during the winter the content decreased, increasing the concentration of menthofuran. It is concluded that during the summer a higher yield and better quality of essential oil are produced

Seminario Internacional Virtual Herramientas de Propiedad Intelectual para el sector cafetalero en el Perú

Transcripción escrita de las exposiciones orales desarrolladas en el Seminario Internacional Virtual “Herramientas de Propiedad Intelectual para el sector cafetalero en el Perú

A new HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of major compounds in the crude extract of Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. (Brazilian arnicao) leaves: Application to chemical variability evaluation

Lychnophora salicifolia Mart., which occurs in the Brazilian Cerrado in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais as well as in the southeast of the state of Goias, is the most widely distributed and also the most polymorphic species of the genus. This plant is popularly known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. In this work, we have studied the variation in terms of polar metabolites of ninety-three Lychnophora salicifolia Mart, specimens collected from different regions of the Brazilian Cerrado. Identification of the constituents of this mixture was carried out by analysis of the UV spectra and MS data after chromatographic separation. Twenty substances were identified, including chlorogenic acid derivatives, a flavonoid C-glucoside, and other sesquiterpenes. The analytical method was validated, and the reliability and credibility of the results was ensured for the purposes of this study. The concentration range required for analysis of content variability within the analyzed group of specimens was covered with appropriate values of limits of detection and quantitation, as well as satisfactory precision and recovery. A quantitative variability was observed among specimens collected from the same location, but on average they were similar from a chemical viewpoint. In relation to the study involving specimens from different locations, there were both qualitative and quantitative differences among plants collected from different regions of Brazil. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a correlation between geographical localization and polar metabolites profile for specimens collected from different locations. This is evidence that the pattern of metabolites concentration depends on the geographical distribution of the specimens. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.FAPESP [2008/02323-3]FAPESPCNPqCNPqCAPESCAPE

Seasonal variation of the major secondary metabolites present in the extract of Eremanthus mattogrossensis Less (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) leaves

The species Eremanthus mattogrossensis, known as "veludo do cerrado" (cerrado velvet), is native to the Brazilian Cerrado. Because the amount of metabolites present in plants may be influenced by biological and environmental factors, here we conducted an HPLC-DAD-MS/MS investigation of the metabolite concentrations found in the MeOH/H2O extract of the leaves of this species. The main compounds were identified and quantified, and the metabolites were grouped by chemical class (caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids, and sesquiterpene lactone). Statistical analysis indicated a straight correlation between the quantity of metabolites and seasonality, suggesting that environmental properties elicit important metabolic responses

Measurement of the cross-section of high transverse momentum vector bosons reconstructed as single jets and studies of jet substructure in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a measurement of the cross-section for high transverse momentum W and Z bosons produced in pp collisions and decaying to all-hadronic final states. The data used in the analysis were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV;{\rm Te}{\rm V}$and correspond to an integrated luminosity of$4.6\;{\rm f}{{{\rm b}}^{-1}}$. The measurement is performed by reconstructing the boosted W or Z bosons in single jets. The reconstructed jet mass is used to identify the W and Z bosons, and a jet substructure method based on energy cluster information in the jet centre-of-mass frame is used to suppress the large multi-jet background. The cross-section for events with a hadronically decaying W or Z boson, with transverse momentum${{p}_{{\rm T}}}\gt 320\;{\rm Ge}{\rm V}$and pseudorapidity$|\eta |\lt 1.9$, is measured to be${{\sigma }_{W+Z}}=8.5\pm 1.7$ pb and is compared to next-to-leading-order calculations. The selected events are further used to study jet grooming techniques