Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

The Impact of Mechanical Ventilation Modes on Complications of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Critically Ill Patients

OBJECTIVE: The effects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy are not elucidated in different mechanical ventilation modes. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on lung mechanics, ventilation parameters, and gas exchange in 2 often-used modes, volume control and pressure control, in invasively ventilated patients followed up in the intensive care unit

Yüksek Gerilim Hattı İle Oluşturulan Elektromanyetik Alanın, Rat Spermatogonium Hücreleri Üzerindeki Etkisinin Belirlenmesi

Objective: Purpose of the study was to research the effect of an electromagnetic field created by a high voltage line onthe testes tissue and the serum biochemistry of Wistar albino male rats. At the same time, in the study also examinedthe protective effects of melatonin and ganoderma lucidum.Methods: In the study, 64 rats were divided into eight equal groups (n: 8). In experiments lasting 26 and 52 days, thefollowing groups were used: High voltage (HV), HV Ganoderma lucidum (GI), HV Melatonin (MEL), and Shamcontrol.MEL (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally and GI (20 mg/kg) as oral lavage. Extremely lowfrequency electric (80.3 V/m) and magnetic fields (2.48 µT) were applied for eight hours per day. Results: The biochemical results of the study show an increase in total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index(OSI) level and a decrease in total antioxidant status (TAS) level in the 26 and 52 day high voltage groups, comparedto the control group. In the high voltage groups, the nitric oxide (NO) value increased with the increase of theexposure period. Testicular mass (p0.05), TAS, TOS, OSI and NO (p0.05) were found at 26 days of comparison.Testicular weight, TAS, TOS, OSI (p0.05), and NO (p0.05) were found in 52 day comparisons. In routinehistopathology data, we detected effects on both the 26 and 52 day HV groups, such as degeneration in spermatic cellsand full structural deterioration and increasing hyalinisation. We also detected an step up in the ligament cell in thetubular field for the 52-day test groups. In melatonin added group, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positivecells were more active. TUNEL assay analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the the 26 dayexperiment groups (p0.05), but that there was a significant dissimilarity between the 52 day experiment groups(p0.05).Conclusions: In our study, the oxidative effect of created by a high voltage results in changes in serum biochemistry ofrats and a number of degenerative deterioration in the histological structure of testes. Aslo, it is shown that theoxidative effect created by a high voltage has negative effects on the creation of spermatogonia. GI partly protectsagainst these effects, while melatonin is more effective in this regard.Giriş: Çalışmanın amacı, yüksek gerilim hattı ile üretilen elektromanyetik alanın testis dokusu ve Wistar albino erkekratların serum biyokimyası üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Aynı zamanda çalışmada, melatonin ve ganodermalucidum' un koruyucu etkilerinin olup olmadığı da incelenmiştir.Yöntemler: Çalışmada, 64 rat sekiz eşit gruba ayrıldı (n: 8). 26 ve 52 gün süren deneylerde, aşağıdaki gruplarkullanıldı: HV, HVGI, HVMEL ve kontrol. MEL (10 mg/kg) günlük intraperitonal ve GI (20 mg/kg) oral lavaj olarakuygulandı. Oldukça düşük frekanslı elektrik (80.3 V/m) ve manyetik alanlar (2.48 µT) günde sekiz saat süreyleuygulandı.Bulgular: Çalışmanın biyokimyasal sonuçlarında, kontrol grubuna göre 26 ve 52 günlük yüksek gerilim gruplarındatoplam oksidan durum ve oksidatif stres indeksi düzeyindeki artış ve toplam antioksidan durum düzeyinde bir azalmagörülmektedir. Yüksek gerilim gruplarında, maruz kalma süresinin artmasıyla nitrik oksit seviyesi artmıştır. 26günlük karşılaştırmalarda testis ağırlığı (p0.05), TAS, TOS, OSI ve NO (p0.05) bulunmuştur. 52 günlükkarşılaştırmalarda testis ağırlığı, TAS, TOS, OSI (P0.05), ve NO (p0.05) bulunmuştur. Rutin histopatoloji sonucunda,26 ve 52 günlük HV grupları üzerinde, spermatik hücrelerde dejenerasyon ve tam yapısal bozulma ve artanhiyalinizasyon gibi etkiler tespit ettik. Aynı zamanda 52 günlük test grupları için tubülar alanda ligament hücresindebir artış tespit ettik. Melatonin grubunda PCNA-pozitif hücreler daha aktif idi. TUNEL testi değerlendirmesinde, 26günlük test grupları arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı (p0.05), ancak 52 günlük test grupları arasında anlamlı birfarklılık olduğu gösterilmiştir (p0.05).Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, yüksek gerilimin neden olduğu oksidatif etkinin, ratların serum biyokimyasında ve testislerinhistolojik yapısındaki bir takım dejeneratif bozulmalarda değişikliklere neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca,yüksek gerilimin oluşturduğu oksidatif etkinin, spermatogonia oluşumu üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğugösterilmiştir. GI kısmen bu etkilere karşı korurken, melatonin bu konuda daha etkilidir

Does Maintaining a Targeted Abdominal Perfusion Pressure Reduce Renal Damage in Patients with Septic Shock?: A Randomized, Controlled, and Open-label Study

Background:Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in patients admitted to the intensive care unit leads to reduced abdominal perfusion pressure (APP), causing circulatory insufficiency and organ failure.Aims:To investigate the effect of maintaining a targeted APP on renal injury and the effect of increased IAP on the mortality rate in patients with septic shock.Study Design:Randomized, controlled, open-label study.Methods:A total of 72 patients were randomly divided into two groups (MAP65 or APP60). The MAP target for patients in the MAP65 group (n = 36) was 65 mmHg according to the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines. In the APP60 group (n = 36), the target APP was set to > 60 mmHg. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), inotrope consumption, and IAP were recorded daily. The need for renal replacement therapy, decrease in GFR, and 30- and 90-day mortality rates were compared between the two groups.Results:In both the groups, the IAP was statistically similar (p = 0.458). The decreased in GFR was similar in both groups during the first 2 days. From day 3, there was a more statistically significant rapid decline in GFR in the MAP65 group than in the APP60 group. The GFR p-values on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th days were 0.040, 0.043, and 0.032, respectively. Eight patients (22.2%) in the MAP65 group and three patients (8.3%) in the APP group required renal replacement therapy (p = 0.101). The 30-day mortality rates in the MAP65 and APP60 groups were 61.1%, and 47.7%, respectively (p = 0.237). The 90-day mortality rates in the MAP65 and APP60 groups were 66.7% and 66.7%, respectively (p = 1).Conclusion:Setting an APP target limited the reduction in GFR. The mortality rates were similar in the two groups and there was no difference in the rate of end-stage renal failure between the groups

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