Energy losses in electrical installations and strategies for enhancing efficiency in Muş province

Elektrik enerjisinin üretimi yüksek maliyetler gerektirdiğinden, bu enerjinin etkin ve doğru kullanımı büyük önem arz etmektedir. Türkiye'de enerji sektörünün karşı karşıya olduğu temel sorunlardan biri, kaçak elektrik kullanımının yaygınlığıdır. Kaçak kullanımın önceden tahmin edilmesi, enerji yönetimi açısından çözülmesi gereken kritik bir meseledir. Elektrik sistemlerindeki kayıplar ve kaçak kullanımlar, birbirinden farklı kavramlar olup, ayrı değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu ayrımın net biçimde yapılması, elektrik şebekeleri üzerinde uygulanacak iyileştirme önlemlerinin ve yapılacak yatırımların daha doğru Şekilde planlanmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Böylece, bölgesel düzeyde yapılacak yatırımların kaçak kullanımla mücadeleye mi yoksa teknik kayıpların azaltılmasına mı yönelmesi gerektiği hususunda daha isabetli kararlar alınabilecektir. Kaçak elektrik kullanımının tahmin edilmesi, yalnızca enerji verimliliği açısından değil, aynı zamanda sosyoekonomik gelişmeler açısından da önemli katkılar sağlayacak ve bu alandaki mücadeleye ivme kazandıracaktır. Bu tez çalışmasında, Muş ilindeki kayıp ve kaçak oranlarının azaltılmasına yönelik mevcut optimizasyon yöntemleri incelenmiş ve geliştirilebilecek yeni yaklaşımlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda, teknik kayıpların analizine yönelik olarak Comsol Multiphysics yazılımı kullanılarak trafo modellemesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve trafolarda oluşan teknik kayıplar değerlendirilmiştir. Teknik olmayan kayıplar kapsamında ise, LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) zaman serisi analizi yöntemi uygulanarak Muş ili için 2030 yılına kadar kayıp-kaçak tahminleri yapılmıştır. Bu tahminler sayesinde elektrik enerjisinde kaçak kayıplar ile ilgili yapılacak çalışma planlamalarına öngörüsel bir katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.Due to the high cost of electricity generation, the efficient and accurate use of electrical energy is of critical importance. One of the major challenges facing the energy sector in Turkey is the widespread occurrence of electricity theft. Predicting such unauthorized usage is a crucial issue that must be addressed to ensure effective energy management. It is essential to distinguish between technical losses and non-technical (illegal) losses, as they represent different phenomena and require separate analytical approaches. This distinction enables more accurate planning of investments and improvement strategies for electrical networks. Consequently, it becomes possible to prioritize whether regional investments should focus on reducing technical losses or combating illegal usage, thus supporting more data-driven decision-making processes. Estimating electricity theft has the potential to contribute significantly not only to energy efficiency but also to socioeconomic development, providing a solid foundation for future improvements. In this study, existing optimization methods for reducing energy losses and theft in Muş Province were examined, and potential enhancements were explored. To analyze technical losses, transformer modeling was performed using Comsol Multiphysics, enabling detailed assessment of losses within transformers. Regarding non-technical losses, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) time series analysis model was employed to forecast electricity losses and theft in Muş Province through the year 2030. These forecasts are intended to provide predictive insight for planning future studies related to non-technical losses in electrical energy

Yay-Şekilli silindirik sandviç kompozit yapıların düşük hızlı darbe performanslarının farklı vurucu tipleri ve darbe açıları için incelenmesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı yay-şekilli silindirik sandviç kompozit yapıların farklı geometrili vurucu ve farklı darbe açıları için darbe performanslarını sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile incelemektir. Çalışmada vurucu şeklinin, vurucu açısının, yüzey kalınlığının ve darbe noktasının maksimum temas kuvveti, absorbe enerji verimliliği, maksimum yer değiştirme ve hasar deformasyonu üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Düşük hızlı darbe simülasyonları için LS DYNA sonlu elemanlar programında gerçekleştirmiştir. Çalışma sonunda çekirdek yapısının desteklediği P2 noktasındaki temas kuvvet değerleri P1 (çekirdek desteksiz) noktasından yüksektir. Çekirdek desteği temas kuvveti üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Vurucu açısı artıkça (θ=30˚’den 90˚’ye) temas kuvvet değeri 2.6 kat, enerji absorbe verimlilik değeri de 1.65 kat artmıştır. Koni vurucu ile elde edilen maksimum temas değeri silindir ve küre uçlu vurucuya göre sırayla %35.1 ve %73.7 daha yüksek iken enerji absorbe verimlilik değeri ise sırayla ile %37.1 ve %36.2 daha yüksektir. Her üç vurucu için en büyük ve baskın hasar tipinin matris hasarı olduğu belirlenmiştir

A Comparison of the Touwen Infant Neurological Examination, General Movement Assessment and Alberta Infant Motor Scale in Infants Born Preterm

Objective: Infants born preterm are known to be at risk of moderate to severe developmental problems. The study aimed to compare Touwen Infant Neurologic Examination (TINE), General Movement Assessment (GMA) and Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) scores assessed on the same day at 3-to-5 months-of-corrected-age in infants separated by gestational week. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 78 infants with a history of preterm birth, as very preterm (<32 weeks, n = 26), moderate preterm (320/7 to 336/7 weeks, n = 30) and late preterm (340/7 to 366/7 weeks, n = 22), at 3 to 5 months-of-corrected-age. The study compared the results of TINE, AIMS and GMA in preterm infants separated by gestational age, and analysed AIMS scores according to GMA results. In addition the association between TINE and AIMS scores was assessed. Results: There was statistical significance between the prone motor performances of the groups, due to the statistical difference between infants born late preterm and infants born very preterm; the prone motor performance of infants born late preterm was significantly higher than infants born very preterm. Infants with normal fidgety movements had higher prone (p=0.043) and supine (p= 0.037) motor performance scores than infants with aberrant fidgety movements. A significant negative low correlation was found between TINE findings and total AIMS scores. Conclusions: Infants with absent and abnormal fidgety movements have lower AIMS score and gestational age might affect AIMS score. Additionally, it has been showed that abnormal neurologic findings, according to TINE, are negatively related to AIMS score

Effect of Imidazole Derivatives on U-87 MG Glioblastoma Cell Lines via TrxR1, GST and GR, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

In the literature, it is seen that heteroaromatic imidazole compounds have many effective biological properties such as antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antiallergic, anticancer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Due to these effects, its therapeutic effects in various types of cancer are being investigated more and more day by day. In particular, the effects of imidazole derivatives are being investigated for cancer types for which no treatment has yet been identified, such as Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). For this reason, the anticancer effects of imidazole derivatives on U-87 MG and HDFa cells, their inhibitory effects on TrxR1, GR and GST enzymes associated with multidrug resistance in cancer cells, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Cytotoxic effects were measured by MTT assay after U-87 MG HDFa cells were treated with imidazole compounds. The results revealed that imidazole compounds decreased the viability of cells in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. In addition, when imidazole compounds are used in treatments targeting enzymes in cancerous cells, it has been observed that they do not harm healthy HDFa cells, but they also have a significant effect on U-87 MG cells. It can be said that compound I3 is a selective inhibitor in the treatment of Glioblastoma. It was observed that compounds I2 and I3 have antimicrobial activity. When the antioxidant activities of imidazole derivatives were examined, we observed that compounds I2 and I3 exhibited antioxidant activity. These results show us that imidazole molecules have antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects

Temperature-dependent electrical characteristics analysis of the Al/p-type Si structures with GO and PTCDA interlayer: structural properties

In this study, the electrical characteristics of Al/p-type Si semiconductor structures with PTCDA and GO interlayer were analyzed using current-voltage (I-V) measurements a wide temperature range (from 80 to 420 K with 20 K intervals and +/- 2.0 V). The ideality factor (n) and barrier height (Phi bo) values changed between 6.398 and 1.330 and 0.221 eV and 0.999 eV (for thermionic emission, TE, method), 0.243 eV and 1.084 eV (for Norde method) in temperature range of 80 K and 420 K, respectively. The experimental findings revealed that values of ideality factors (n), rectification ratio (RR) and series resistance (RS) decreases with increasing temperature, while barrier heights (Phi bo) and saturation currents (I0) values increases with increasing temperature. The Phi bo-n and Phi bo-q/(2kT) curves were obtained to explain the high n values and non-ideal situations of the Richardson curves. Two linear regions were found at low temperatures (from 80 to 180 K) and high temperatures (from 200 to 420 K). Thus, for low and high temperatures, Gaussian distributions (GDs) values of the I - V plot of the Al/(PTCDA:GO)/p-type Si semiconductor structure yielded average barrier heights of 0.7017 and 1.3342 eV with standard deviations (sigma 0) of 83.06 mV and 168.80 mV, respectively. Also, this values of barrier height have also been confirmed by updated ln(I0/T2) - (q2 sigma s2)/(2k2T2) vs. q/(kT) curves, which correspond to two distinct temperature regions. Richardson constant (A*) value with 1.153 x 10-6A/(K2cm2) is lower than the known value of p-type Si. But nevertheless, for distribution 1, Richardson's constant of 80.64 A/(K2cm2) is approximately three times larger than the known theoretical value of 32 Acm-2 K-2 for p-type silicon.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK)Open access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK). The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper

The approach of contemporary commentaries to the issue of anonymous in terms of menar commentary

Kur'ân-ı Kerim, İslâm'ın temel kaynağı olarak Müslümanların hayatını şekillendiren bir anayasa konumundadır. Bu sebeple, onun doğru anlaşılabilmesi için müfessirler tarafından çeşitli ilmi çalışmalar yürütülmüş ve 'Ulûmu'l-Kur'ân' ilimleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu ilimlerden biri olan nesh, önceki bir ilahi hükmün, sonraki bir ilahi hükümle kaldırılması anlamına gelir. Klasik dönemde müfessirler arasında Kur'ân âyetleri arasında neshin vuku bulduğuna dair genel bir kabul varken, Mutezile alimi Ebû Müslim el-İsfehânî bu görüşü eleştirmiştir. Çağdaş dönemde ise nesh meselesi farklı görüşler çerçevesinde yeniden tartışılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, özellikle Muhammed Abduh ve Reşid Rızâ'nın 'Menâr Tefsiri' özelinde neshe bakışı üzerinde durulmuş ve çağdaş müfessirlerin görüşleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır: Birinci bölümde nesh kavramı, tarihsel gelişimi ve Ebû Müslim el-İsfehânî'nin görüşleri ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde çağdaş müfessirlerin nesh meselesine yaklaşımları incelenmiş, üçüncü bölümde ise Muhammed Abduh ve Reşid Rızâ'nın hayatları, düşünceleri ve Menâr Tefsirindeki nesh anlayışları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmamız, nesh meselesinin klasik ve çağdaş dönemlerdeki yorumlarını karşılaştırarak, bu konunun İslâm düşüncesindeki dönüşümünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.The Quran is the fundamental source of Islam and is a constitution that shapes the lives of Muslims. For this reason, various scientific studies have been conducted by commentators in order to understand it correctly and the sciences of 'Ulûmu'l-Qur'ân' have been created. One of these sciences, naskh, means the removal of a previous divine decree by a later divine decree. While there was a general acceptance among commentators in the classical period that naskh occurred among the verses of the Quran, the Mu'tazila scholar Abu Muslim al-Isfahani criticized this view. In the contemporary period, the issue of naskh has been discussed again within the framework of different views. In our study, we have focused on the perspective of naskh, especially in the 'Tafsir of Manâr' of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rizâ, and compared it with the views of contemporary commentators. The study consists of three parts: In the first part, the concept of abrogation, its historical development and the views of Abu Muslim al-Isfahani are discussed. In the second part, the approaches of contemporary commentators to the issue of abrogation are examined, and in the third part, the lives, thoughts and understanding of abrogation in the Manar Commentary of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Riza are evaluated. In conclusion, our study aims to reveal the transformation of this issue in Islamic thought by comparing the interpretations of the issue of abrogation in the classical and contemporary periods

ChatGPT in Nursing: Applications, Advantages, and Challenges in Education, Research, and Clinical Practice

The incorporation of AI-supported language models into the healthcare sector holds significant potential to revolutionize nursing education, research, and clinical practice. Within this framework, ChatGPT has emerged as a valuable tool for personalizing educational materials, enhancing academic productivity, expediting clinical decision-making processes, and optimizing research efficiency. In the realm of nursing education, ChatGPT offers numerous advantages, including the preparation of course content, facilitation of student assessments, and the development of simulation-based learning environments. Furthermore, it enhances pedagogical effectiveness through its ability to engage with students in real time and provide tailored learning experiences. In research processes, it supports researchers in tasks such as literature review, data analysis, and preparation of ethical documents; it also facilitates labor-intensive processes such as thematic coding, especially in qualitative analysis. In clinical applications, it can be used to prepare patient information materials, create care plans, and strengthen nurse-patient communication. However, ChatGPT has limitations, such as information reliability, ethical appropriateness, lack of empathy, and the risk of users developing over-reliance. Therefore, a careful, critical, and ethical approach should be adopted for the integration of ChatGPT into the nursing discipline. In conclusion, ChatGPT offers significant opportunities to enhance nursing education, research, and practice, yet it should not substitute for professional judgment or human compassion. Its application must be steered by ethical standards and a critical mindset. Incorporating AI literacy into nursing curricula and establishing clear guidelines for its use can ensure its effective and responsible implementation while maintaining the profession's humanistic essence

Gaziantep iline ait bazı meteorolojik değişkenlerin trend analizi

İklim değişikliğinin etkileri, meteorolojik değişkenler üzerinde daha belirgin bir şekilde hissedilmektedir. Bölgesel ve havza bazlı iklim değişiklikleri, zamanla daha belirgin hale gelmiştir. Bazı bölgelerde yağış miktarında geçmiş yıllara kıyasla artış gözlemlenirken, diğer bölgelerde ise azalma tespit edilmiştir. Örneğin 2023 yılında Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki yağışlarda artış gözlemlenirken Ege Bölgesi’ndeki yağışlarda ise azalma gerçekleşmiştir. Bu çalışmada, belirli iklim parametrelerinin yıllara göre eğilimleri İstatistik ve Tekil Spektrum Analizi (TSA) yöntemleri kullanılarak incelenmiş ve bu parametrelerin (nem, sıcaklık, yağış, güneşlenme süresi ve rüzgâr hızı) buharlaşma üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Buharlaşmayı tetikleyen en önemli faktörlerden biri, küresel ısınmadır. Hava sıcaklıklarındaki kademeli artışlar, buharlaşma oranını da artırmaktadır. Özellikle son yıllarda yoğun kentleşme ile birlikte tarım ve orman arazilerinin azalması, yol ve kaldırım alanlarının artması, bu artışların başlıca nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Betonarme yapıların bulunmadığı alanlarda su, toprak veya bitkiler tarafından tutulabilmektedir. Literatürde buharlaşma hesabı için çeşitli istatistiksel ve kara kutu yöntemleri mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de buharlaşmanın en yoğun olduğu illerden biri olan Gaziantep seçilmiştir. Çalışmada, Gaziantep ilinde 17261 nolu istasyonda 2002-2022 yılları arasında kaydedilen aylık ortalama nem, sıcaklık, buharlaşma, yağış, güneşlenme süresi ve rüzgar hızı verilerinin trend analizleri lineer regresyon, Mann-Kendall testi, Sen'in eğim testi ve TSA yöntemleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler eksiksiz olarak Muş Meteoroloji İl Müdürlüğü’nden temin edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre bulunan korelasyon değerlerinde buharlaşma ile güneşlenme süresi arasında 0,579 ve buharlaşma ile rüzgâr hızı arasında ise -0,129 değeri bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma sonucunda, Gaziantep ilinde iklim değişikliğinin belirgin bir şekilde hissedildiğini ve bu değişimin incelenen meteorolojik değişkenler üzerinde homojen bir etki yaratmadığı elde edilmiştir

Full-parametric and joint inversion of multimode surface wave data for identifying glacial ice thickness and freezing extent in subglacial sediments via the hunger games search algorithm

Determining glacier ice thickness and the extent of freezing in subglacial sediments are crucial in glaciological studies. Noninvasive geophysical methods, such as multichannel analysis of surface waves, are typically used for these tasks. In this study, we introduce a novel metaheuristic called hunger games search (HGS), which simulates the hunger-driven instincts and behavioral decisions of animals for the full-parametric inversion of seismic surface waves. We apply HGS to determine layer thicknesses, densities, S-wave velocities, and primary wave velocities of different layers through the joint inversion of multimode Rayleigh wave dispersion curves (RWDCs). This marks the first study using HGS for the inversion of dispersion data. Sensitivity studies of model parameters prior to the inversion indicate the necessity of postinversion uncertainty evaluations to mitigate the effects of varying sensitivity levels. In addition, a parameter tuning study is carried out to maximize the performance of HGS. Compared with some swarm intelligence-based optimizers (particle swarm optimization, cuckoo search, gray wolf optimization, sparrow search optimization, and whale optimization algorithm), HGS outperforms in the inversion of synthetic multimode RWDCs with 10% uncertainties with respect to a simulated glacier structure. In real data applications, a data set acquired at Midtdalsbreen, an outlet of the Norwegian Hardangerj & oslash;kulen ice cap, is inverted using the tailored HGS metaheuristic. The results obtained are consistent with previous geophysical studies. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the performance of HGS when dealing with real applications is not highly sensitive to the selection of layers within the range of five to eight. The accuracy of HGS is undoubtedly contaminated by a larger model space; however, additional depth information derived from colocated ground-penetrating radar data can be directly integrated into HGS to obtain satisfactory results again.National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [42074164]Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under grant no. 42074164. The authors express their sincere gratitude to the editor-in-chief A. Guitton, the assistant senior editor M. Sen, the associate editor G. Tsoflias, reviewer Y. Zhang, and four anonymous reviewers for their meticulous comments and constructive suggestions, which have significantly enhanced the quality of this paper

The Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Combined with Strength Training on Neuro-Biomarkers, Inflammatory and Antioxidant Responses, and the Lipid Profile in Physically Healthy Adults

Objectives: This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the physiological effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation combined with resistance training on the lipid profile, inflammatory and antioxidant responses, neuro-biomarkers, and physical performance parameters in physically healthy young adults. Methods: Thirty physically active male participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (omega-3 + resistance training) or a control group (resistance training only). Over eight weeks, both groups performed a standardized resistance training program three times per week. The experimental group additionally received 3150 mg/day of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Pre- and post-intervention assessments included blood biomarkers (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP, GSH, MDA, BDNF, serotonin, and dopamine) and physical performance tests (1RM, CMJ, RSI, 10 m sprint, and Illinois agility). Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in the lipid profile, with decreases in LDL and triglyceride levels and an increase in HDL levels. Levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly reduced, while GSH levels increased and MDA levels decreased, indicating an enhanced antioxidant status. The neuro-biomarker analysis revealed increased levels of BDNF, dopamine, and serotonin. Physical performance tests demonstrated greater improvements in muscular strength, power, speed, agility, and reaction-based performance in the omega-3 group compared to controls. Conclusions: These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation, when combined with resistance training, has a multi-systemic enhancing effect on both physiological markers and physical performance. This combination may represent a promising strategy for optimizing athletic adaptations and recovery in physically active populations. Future studies should further explore these effects across different populations and training modalities