Conhecimento e cuidado parental na promoção do desenvolvimento da criança nascida prematura

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Enfermagem, 2018.Introdução: A prematuridade possui implicações na construção da parentalidade sendo necessária uma abordagem com maior atenção, pois exige dos pais ajustes e competências adicionais no cuidado da sua criança prematura. Considerando a especificidade dessa experiência o estudou teve como objetivo geral: compreender a influência do conhecimento e das práticas parentais no desenvolvimento da criança nascida prematura e como objetivos específicos: identificar as crenças parentais em relação ao cuidado do filho prematuro; descrever as práticas parentais no cuidado do filho prematuro; descrever o conhecimento parental em relação ao desenvolvimento do filho prematuro; e identificar as facilidades e as dificuldades vivenciadas pelos pais no cuidado e na promoção do desenvolvimento do filho prematuro. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de delineamento transversal e abordagem qualitativa-interpretativa. Os participantes da pesquisa foram pais de crianças nascidas prematuras (antes de 37 semanas de idade gestacional). Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a entrevista aberta em profundidade destinada à obtenção da narrativa dos pais acerca do conhecimento e do cuidado com o filho prematuro. A análise considerou as etapas do método de Análise das Narrativas com Abordagem Holística e Ênfase no Conteúdo à Luz do Referencial Teórico do Interacionismo Simbólico. Resultados: Os participantes da pesquisa foram 7 pais (6 mães e 1 pai) de crianças nascidas prematuras. As narrativas dos pais trazem como essência a relação de medos, insegurança, de cuidado e de maternidade/paternidade construída com o nascimento do filho prematuro e permitiram acessar os sentidos afetivos e emocionais atribuídos as suas vivências. As percepções dos pais foram descritas em quatro categorias temáticas: Crenças, medo e insegurança parental, Natureza do cuidado e conceito de maternidade e paternidade, Aprendizados e práticas parentais e Rede de apoio social. Considerações do estudo: A análise das narrativas permitiu descrever os conhecimentos, crenças e valores que sustentam as práticas parentais no contexto da prematuridade desvelando as repercussões desta experiência na vida, na autonomia e na adaptação dos pais ao nascimento e cuidado desenvolvimental do filho prematuro. Considera-se que os resultados deste estudo representam uma contribuição para os profissionais de saúde no sentido que traz construtos teóricos importantes para a implantação de estratégias de intervenção voltadas ao cuidado integral de famílias nessa situação. O engajamento da equipe de saúde deve ser constante, principalmente em relação ao seguimento do prematuro, buscando assim, manter a continuidade dos cuidados. Logo, a equipe de enfermagem deve atuar, tanto na área gerencial, como na área assistencial, buscando oferecer apoio e incentivo aos pais dos prematuros, propondo intervenções promotoras da parentalidade positiva.Introduction: Prematurity has implications in the construction of parenting, and a more careful approach is required, since it requires parents to adjust and add additional skills in the care of their premature child. Considering the specificity of this experience, the objective of this study was to understand the influence of knowledge and parental practices on the development of premature infants and the specific objectives: identify parental beliefs regarding the care of premature infants; describe parental practices in the care of preterm infants; describe the parental knowledge regarding the development of the premature child; and identify the facilities and difficulties experienced by the parents in the care and promotion of the development of the premature child. Method: This is a cross-sectional study with a qualitative-interpretative approach. Participants in the survey were parents of preterm infants (before 37 weeks of gestational age). For data collection, an in-depth open interview was used to obtain the parents' narrative about the knowledge and care of the premature child. The analysis considered the steps of the method of Analysis of Narratives with Holistic Approach and Emphasis on Content in Light of the Theoretical Referential of Symbolic Interactionism. Results: The study participants were 7 parents (6 mothers and 1 father) of children born prematurely. The parents' narratives bring as essence the relationship of fears, insecurity, care and maternity / paternity built with the birth of the premature child and allowed access to the affective and emotional senses attributed to their experiences. The parents' perceptions were described in four thematic categories: Beliefs, fear and parental insecurity, Nature of care and concept of motherhood and paternity, Learning and parental practices and Social support network. Study considerations: Narrative analysis allowed us to describe the knowledge, beliefs and values that support parental practices in the context of prematurity, revealing the repercussions of this experience on the life, autonomy and adaptation of parents to the birth and developmental care of the premature child. It is considered that the results of this study represent a contribution to health professionals in the sense that it brings important theoretical constructs for the implementation of intervention strategies aimed at the integral care of families in this situation. The engagement of the health team must be constant, especially in relation to the follow-up of the premature, in order to maintain continuity of care. Therefore, the nursing team should act, both in the management area and in the care area, seeking to offer support and encouragement to the parents of premature infants, proposing interventions that promote positive parenting

Knowledge and parental care in promoting the development of prematurely born child

Compreender a influência do conhecimento e das práticas parentais no cuidado desenvolvimental da criança nascida prematura. Estudo de delineamento transversal e abordagem qualitativa-interpretativa. Utilizou-se a estratégia de entrevista aberta em profundidade. A análise teve como referencial metodológico a Pesquisa de Narrativas e referencial teórico o Interacionismo Simbólico. Participaram da pesquisa sete pais de crianças nascidas prematuras. As narrativas permitiram acessar os sentidos afetivos e emocionais atribuídos à vivencia da parentalidade. Desvelaram-se quatro categorias temáticas: crenças, medo e insegurança parental; natureza do cuidado e conceito de maternidade e paternidade; aprendizados e práticas parentais; e apoio social. Os conhecimentos, crenças e valores que sustentam as práticas parentais no contexto da prematuridade têm repercussões na vida, na autonomia e na adaptação dos pais ao nascimento e cuidado desenvolvimental do prematuro. O engajamento da equipe de saúde deve ser constante para garantir o seguimento do prematuro e a continudade do apoio familiar.To understand the influence of parental knowledge and practices in developmental care of child born premature. Cross-sectional study and qualitative interpretative approach. Data were collected through in-depth open interview. The analysis had as methodological referential Narratives Research and theoretical framework the Symbolic Interactionism. Seven parents of preterm infants participated in the study. The narratives allowed access to the affective and emotional meanings, attributed to the experience of parenting. Four thematic categories were unveiled: beliefs, fear and parental insecurity, nature of care and concept of motherhood and fatherhood, learning and parenting practices, and social support. The knowledge, beliefs and values that underlie parenting practices in the context of prematurity have repercussions on life, autonomy and adaptation of parents at birth and developmental care of premature. The engagement of the Health professionals should be constant to ensure the follow-up of premature and the continuity of family support

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas más diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crítico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aquí mostramos cómo una comunidad global está respondiendo a los desafíos de la investigación en ecosistemas tropicales a través de diversos equipos realizando mediciones árbol por árbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos más importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cómo este proceso está cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexión de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a múltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posición y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigación reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento científico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suramérica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiático (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas están integradas a través de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes están transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de éstos en la biósfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cómo, dónde y porqué el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales está respondiendo al cambio climático y cómo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboración pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuáles son los factores más importantes, qué procesos se ven afectados, dónde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacción y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continúa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnología antigua, las redes de parcelas están generando una verdadera y moderna revolución en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar información única y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques más preciados de la tierra. Resumo Florestas tropicais são os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensão destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, até muito recentemente os esforços de medições e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agências financiadoras. Neste estudo nós mostramos como uma comunidade global está respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, árvore por árvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas à longo prazo. Nós revisamos as maiores descobertas científicas deste trabalho, e mostramos também como este processo está mudando a ciência de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta científica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (América do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiático (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas múltiplas iniciativas estão integradas através de uma infraestrutura cibernética do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estão transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papéis na biosfera. Juntos nós descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estão respondendo às mudanças climáticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendências, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores são mais importantes, quais processos florestais são mais afetados, onde eles estão mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prováveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notável tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faíscas de uma moderna revolução na ciência das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora são coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos únicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. Résume Les forêts tropicales sont les écosystèmes les plus diversifiés et les plus productifs de la planète. Si une meilleure compréhension de ces forêts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'à tout récemment, les efforts déployés pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont été largement déconnectés. La mise en réseau est essentielle pour découvrir les réponses à des questions qui dépassent les frontières et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communauté mondiale relève les défis de la recherche sur les écosystèmes tropicaux avec diverses équipes qui mesurent les forêts arbre après arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales découvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forêts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste à relier les initiatives de base à long terme à des protocoles standardisés et une gestion de données afin de générer des résultats solides à grande échelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en élevant leur statut, notre modèle de réseau de recherche sociale reconnaît le rôle clé de l'auteur des données dans la découverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Amérique du Sud), nos réseaux de parcelles permanentes ont été adaptés à l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et à l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imités dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont désormais intégrées via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collègues de 54 pays à travers 24 réseaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compréhension des forêts tropicales et de leur rôle biosphérique. Ensemble, nous avons découvert comment, où et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversité réagissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y réagissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale à long terme a révélé un important puits de carbone à long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en évidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectés, les endroits où ils changent, les décalages et les réactions futures probables des forêts tropicales à mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les réseaux de parcelles déclenchent une révolution très moderne dans la science des forêts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanité pourra grandement bénéficier du soutien des communautés de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de générer une compréhension unique et à long terme des forêts les plus précieuses de la Terre. Abstrak Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia