Contributo para o estudo das rotas marítimas e comerciais: Região Sado, no séc. XIX

No âmbito do mestrado em História, Arqueologia e Património, do discente Adolfo Miguel Martins pela Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa em colaboração com o Instituto Politécnico de Tomar e tendo como objecto de estudo o achado identificado por Tróia 1, encontra-se a ser desenvolvido um projecto dinâmico, que irá considerar a intervenção arqueológica tal como a conhecemos, mas também a interdisciplinaridade, em áreas tão distintas como a Biologia, a Geologia ou Hidrografia. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido ao longo de mais de dois anos e pretendeu encontrar repostas para questões tão pertinentes como: que navio é este? O porquê do seu naufrágio? Qual o seu propósito? e Desde quando ali se encontra? Para tal foi desencadeado um conjunto de acções na espectativa de que as respostas obtidas sejam esclarecedoras e contribuam para o estudo desta região e do seu contexto socioecónomico. Recorde-se que o século XIX representa o exponente máximo das técnicas construção empregues pelos carpinteiros navais e que a crescente necessidade de transportar mais produtos, por maiores distâncias e a grande velocidade promoveram a construção desenfreada de embarcações e provocaram a alteração do paradigma de construção naval que veio a desafiar as regras básicas da flutuabilidade e da segurança marítima. Em paralelo com esta crescente necessidade de produzir embarcações tecnicamente mais evoluídas, também os estaleiros navais tiveram a necessidade de se adaptar a esta nova realidade e a dar resposta aos interesses comerciais além-fronteiras. Neste século as rotas comerciais marítimas já se encontravam praticamente definidas e os corredores marítimos albergavam frequentemente embarcações das mais diversas nacionalidades e funcionalidades. Ao consultarmos (por exemplo) o acervo existente no Arquivo Distrital de Setúbal sobre as entradas e saídas das embarcações no porto desta região, poderemos verificar que por ali passaram só no ano de 1867 1 um total de 12 nacionalidades excluído as embarcações portuguesas - Suecos, russos “perusianos” noruegueses, italianos, ingleses, holandeses, espanhóis, alemães, franceses dinamarqueses e belgas, o que nos leva a presumir talvez por analogia com a actualidade que os portos nesse período representam um panorama multicultural e multifuncional onde tripulações, passageiros, estivadores e por vezes armadores se cruzavam em tão pequeno espaço. Tendo por base este contexto socioeconómico, marítimo e cultural o presente trabalho desenrolar-se-á em três fases sendo que no primeiro capitulo será apresentado o panorama genérico das principiais rotas adoptadas pelas companhias de navegação portuguesas, seguidamente será apresentado um caso de estudo que abordará as técnicas de construção naval utilizadas no séc. XIX, bem como o sitio arqueológico designado por Tróia 1: que representa o naufrágio de uma embarcação inserida cronologicamente nesse século de forma a permitir traçar a “vida” de um navio desde a sua construção até aos nossos dias. Por fim, serão apresentadas algumas considerações e reflexões sobre esta matéria

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Kyrenia ship

THE DATA ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE DATA OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE DATA. The 3D model has been created based on scientific publications and 2D drawings produced by Richard Steffy and Michael and Susan Katzev. Katzev, M. (1969). The Kyrenia Shipwreck. Expedition, [online] 11(2), pp.55-59. Available at: https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-kyrenia-shipwreck/. Katzev, S. (2007). The ancient ship of Kyrenia beneath Cyprus seas. In: P. Valavanis and D. HArdy, ed., Great moment in Greek archaeology, 1st ed. [online] Oxford University Press, pp.286-299. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=39CSZ9UbG14C&pg=PA366&dq=The+ancient+ship+of+Kyrenia+beneath+Cyprus+sea&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-1PPO7trSAhVCAcAKHY-DCpUQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=The%20ancient%20ship%20of%20Kyrenia%20beneath%20Cyprus%20sea&f=false [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017]. Katzev, S. (2008). The Kyrenia Ship: her recent journey. Near Eastern Archaeology, 71(1-2), pp.76-81. Steffy, J. (1982). The reconstruction of the 11th century Serçe Liman vessel A preliminary report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 11(1), pp.13-34. Steffy, J. (1985). The Kyrenia Ship: An Interim Report on Its Hull Construction. American Journal of Archaeology, 89(1), pp.71-101. Steffy, R. (1989). The roll of three-dimensional research in the Kyrenia Ship reconstruction. In: Tropis 1- 1st International Symposium on ship construction in antiquity. [online] Athens, pp.249-262. Available at: http://nauticalarch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Tropis-I-Proceedings-1985.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Steffy, R. (1994). Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. 1st ed. Texas: Texas A & M University Press.This detailed 3D model of a late Classical ship was inspired of what we know from the archaeological record. There are several versions of this reconstructed vessel, available in different formats. The present model was developed based on J. Richard Steffy's drawings, with kind permission of Susan Katzev.iMARECULTURE H2020 Project: ​This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 72715