La incorporación del hierro a la construcción en Alicante: la llegada del ferrocarril a la ciudad

In the second half of the nineteenth century, railway stations developed new building systems, with iron as the main component. The covering of large open spaces over the platforms was required as a new structural challenge. In Spain, Alicante was the first maritime city with a rail line connected with Madrid. Factors such as the importance of the port, its proximity to the capital and the favorable topography of the land were decisive in their choice. On 25 May 1858 the line was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II. Three decades later, Andalusian station connecting with the South was built. It has now been restored and is the seat of the House of the Mediterranean. This article shows the origins of these two buildings, which have been preserved structural systems that were designed over 150 years ago.En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, las estaciones de ferrocarril desarrollaron nuevos sistemas constructivos, con el hierro como principal componente. Las cubiertas de los andenes exigían nuevos retos estructurales buscando la diafanidad y máxima luz entre sus apoyos. En España, Alicante fue la primera ciudad marítima conectada con una línea férrea con Madrid. Factores como la importancia del puerto, su proximidad a la capital y la favorable orografía del terreno fueron determinantes en su elección. El 25 de Mayo de 1858 quedó inaugurada la línea por la reina Isabel II. Tres décadas después, se construyó la estación de Los Andaluces que conectaba con el Sur. Actualmente ha sido restaurada y es la sede de la Casa del Mediterráneo. El presente artículo muestra los orígenes de estos dos edificios, que han podido conservar los sistemas estructurales con los que fueron diseñados hace más de 150 años

Estudio en estructuras de hormigón armado Velocidad de ultrasonidos y resistencia a compresión

So far, much of the research conducted to estimate the compressive strength of reinforced concrete elements of our structures have been made based on checkups witness many samples drawn from these elements. By this investigation 185 real cases of reinforced concrete structural elements are studied by a structural check based on the correlation of results between the ultrasonic velocity (V) and compressive strength (R). The study was developed taking into account the location of the building relative to the shoreline and the age of the structure. Subsequently, a statistical analysis to the data obtained is performed. This work has achieved a scientific method of analysis of the two test methods and necessary for a full structural check, correlation between them and most innovativeprocess, making mathematical formulas and graphs mapping tools which demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure, which is proposed as a contribution to policy.Hasta ahora, gran parte de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo para la estimación de las resistencias a compresión de los elementos de hormigón armado de nuestras estructuras, se han realizado en base a chequeos con gran número de probetas testigo, extraídas de esos elementos.Mediante la presente investigación se estudian 185 casos reales de elementos estructurales de hormigón armado, mediante un chequeo estructural basado en la correlación de resultados entre la Velocidad de Ultrasonidos (V) y la Resistencia a Compresión (R). El estudio se desarrolla teniendo en cuenta localización de la construcción respecto a la costa marina y la edad de la propia estructura. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis estadístico con los datos obtenidos con este trabajo se ha conseguido un claro procedimiento científico de análisis de los dos métodos de ensayo y de las herramientas necesarias para realizar un completo chequeo estructural, correlación entre ellos y lo más novedoso del proceso, la confección de fórmulas matemáticas y las gráficas de correlación, que ponen de manifiesto la efectividad del procedimiento, que se propone como aportación para normativa.&nbsp

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Study Reinforced Concrete Structures. Ultrasonic Velocity and Compressive Strength

Hasta ahora, gran parte de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo&nbsp;para la estimación de las resistencias a compresión de los&nbsp;elementos de hormigón armado de nuestras estructuras, se han&nbsp;realizado en base a chequeos con gran número de probetas&nbsp;testigo, extraídas de esos elementos.Mediante la presente investigación se estudian 185 casos reales&nbsp;de elementos estructurales de hormigón armado, mediante un&nbsp;chequeo estructural basado en la correlación de resultados entre&nbsp;la Velocidad de Ultrasonidos (V) y la Resistencia a Compresión&nbsp;(R). El estudio se desarrolla teniendo en cuenta localización de la&nbsp;construcción respecto a la costa marina y la edad de la propia&nbsp;estructura. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis estadístico con&nbsp;los datos obtenidos con este trabajo se ha conseguido un claro&nbsp;procedimiento científico de análisis de los dos métodos de ensayo&nbsp;y de las herramientas necesarias para realizar un completo&nbsp;chequeo estructural, correlación entre ellos y lo más novedoso del&nbsp;proceso, la confección de fórmulas matemáticas y las gráficas de&nbsp;correlación, que ponen de manifiesto la efectividad del&nbsp;procedimiento, que se propone como aportación para normativa.&nbsp;So far, much of the research conducted to estimate&nbsp;the compressive strength of reinforced concrete&nbsp;elements of our structures have been made based on checkups witness many samples drawn from these elements. By this investigation 185 real cases of reinforced&nbsp;concrete structural elements are studied by a structural&nbsp;check based on the correlation of results between&nbsp;the ultrasonic velocity (V) and compressive strength&nbsp;(R). The study was developed taking into account&nbsp;the location of the building relative to the shoreline&nbsp;and the age of the structure. Subsequently, a statistical&nbsp;analysis to the data obtained is performed. This&nbsp;work has achieved a scientific method of analysis of&nbsp;the two test methods and necessary for a full structural&nbsp;check, correlation between them and most innovativeprocess, making mathematical formulas and&nbsp;graphs mapping tools which demonstrate the effectiveness&nbsp;of the procedure, which is proposed as a&nbsp;contribution to policy

Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology

Note: A full list of authors and affiliations appears at the end of the article. Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P 20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.</p