Products Liability and Evidence of Subsequent Repairs

Cannabis är den mest använda drogen i världen och attityderna gentemot den blir allt mer liberala. Då många syntetiskt framställda cannabinoider ständigt dyker upp på marknaden visar studier på olika resultat angående utbredningen av drogen. Det är personer i de yngre åldrarna som i störst utsträckning använder cannabis. I dagens samhälle ställs det allt mer krav på unga vuxna, inte minst när det gäller att skaffa sig en utbildning. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan användningen av cannabis och upplevelser av studiesituationen bland studenter vid Linköpings universitet.Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt utgjordes av Robert K. Mertons strainteori där fokus låg på huruvida studenterna upplevde sig ha förutsättningar och medel att uppnå sitt mål; att klara av en utbildning. Populationen för studien var alla studenter som var registrerade på ett program. En totalundersökning gjordes av de studenter som våren 2014 studerade på ett program i termin fyra. Det empiriska materialet samlades in via en onlineenkät som besvarades av 1 481 respondenter.Resultatet visade att 36,8 % av respondenterna någon gång hade testat cannabis, männen var signifikant överrepresenterade. De flesta hade testat cannabis första gången då de studerade på gymnasiet. Respondenterna var över lag nöjda med sin studiesituation. Det var inte möjligt att se något samband mellan användningen av cannabis och upplevelser av studiesituationen som helhet

Bismuth trichloride as a molecular precursor for silicon doping

Dopant impurity species can be incorporated into the silicon (001) surface via the adsorption and dissociation of simple precursor molecules. Examples include phosphine (PH3), arsine (AsH3), and diborane (B2H6) for the incorporation of phosphorus, arsenic, and boron, respectively. Through exploitation of precursor surface chemistry, the spatial locations of these incorporated dopants can be controlled at the atomic scale via the patterning of a hydrogen lithographic resist layer using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). There is strong interest in the spatial control of bismuth atoms incorporated into silicon for quantum technological applications; however, there is currently no known precursor for the incorporation of bismuth that is compatible with this STM-based lithographic method. Here, we explore the precursor chemistry (adsorption, diffusion, and dissociation) of bismuth trichloride (BiCl3) on Si(001). We show atomic-resolution STM images of BiCl3 exposed Si(001) surfaces at low coverage and combine this with density functional theory calculations to produce a model of the surface processes and the observed features. Our results show that, at room temperature, BiCl3 completely dissociates to produce bismuth ad-atoms, ad-dimers, and surface-bound chlorine, and we explain how BiCl3 is a strong candidate for a bismuth precursor compound compatible with lithographic patterning at the sub-nanometer scale

Att översätta strategi till operationella prestationsmått - En fallstudie av SJ AB

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur SJs strategi implementeras genom operationell målstyrning samt fastställa eventuella brister i länken mellan strategi och målstyrning

Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters in sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the mouse urinary bladder

Purpose: Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs), essential for loading glutamate into synaptic vesicles, are present in various neuronal systems. However, the expression of VGLUTs in neurons innervating the urinary bladder has not yet been analyzed. Here, we study the presence of VGLUTs type-1, -2 and -3 (VGLUT1, VGLUT2 and VGLUT3, respectively) in mouse urinary bladder neurons. Materials and Methods: Expression of VGLUT1, VGLUT2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in retrogradely labeled primary afferent and autonomic neurons of BALB/C mice after injecting Fast Blue in the urinary bladder wall. To study VGLUT3, retrograde tracing of the urinary bladder was performed in transgenic mice where VGLUT3 is identified by detection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Results: Most urinary bladder DRG neurons expressed VGLUT2. A smaller percentage of neurons also expressed VGLUT1 or VGLUT3. Coexpression with CGRP was only observed for VGLUT2. Occasional VGLUT2-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were seen in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Abundant VGLUT2-IR nerves were detected in the urinary bladder dome, trigone and also the urethra; VGLUT1-IR nerves were discretely present. Conclusions: We present novel data on the expression of VGLUTs in sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the mouse urinary bladder. The frequent association of VGLUT2 and CGRP in sensory neurons suggests interactions between glutamatergic and peptidergic neurotransmissions, potentially influencing commonly perceived sensations in the urinary bladder, such as discomfort and pain.Fil: Brumovsky, Pablo Rodolfo. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. University of Pittsburgh. Department of Anesthesiology. Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research; Estados UnidosFil: Seal, Rebecca P.. University of Pittsburgh. Department of Anesthesiology. Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research; Estados UnidosFil: Lundgren, Kerstin H.. University of Cincinnati. Department of Neurology; Estados UnidosFil: Seroogy, Kim B.. University of Cincinnati. Department of Neurology; Estados UnidosFil: Watanabe, Masahiko. Hokkaido University School of Medicine. Department of Anatomy; JapónFil: Gebhart, G. F.. University of Pittsburgh. Department of Anesthesiology. Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research; Estados Unido

Терапия болезней периодонта с использованием шинирующих волоконных систем

периодонта болезн

Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters type 1 and 2 in sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the mouse colorectum

Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) have been extensively studied in various neuronal systems, but their expression in visceral sensory and autonomic neurons remains to be analyzed in detail. Here we studied VGLUTs type 1 and 2 (VGLUT(1) and VGLUT(2) , respectively) in neurons innervating the mouse colorectum. Lumbosacral and thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG), lumbar sympathetic chain (LSC), and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons innervating the colorectum of BALB/C mice were retrogradely traced with Fast Blue, dissected, and processed for immunohistochemistry. Tissue from additional naïve mice was included. Previously characterized antibodies against VGLUT(1) , VGLUT(2) , and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were used. Riboprobe in situ hybridization, using probes against VGLUT(1) and VGLUT(2) , was also performed. Most colorectal DRG neurons expressed VGLUT(2) and often colocalized with CGRP. A smaller percentage of neurons expressed VGLUT(1) . VGLUT(2) -immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the MPG were rare. Abundant VGLUT(2) -IR nerves were detected in all layers of the colorectum; VGLUT(1) -IR nerves were sparse. A subpopulation of myenteric plexus neurons expressed VGLUT2 protein and mRNA, but VGLUT1 mRNA was undetectable. In conclusion, we show 1) that most colorectal DRG neurons express VGLUT(2) , and to a lesser extent, VGLUT(1) ; 2) abundance of VGLUT2-IR fibers innervating colorectum; and 3) a subpopulation of myenteric plexus neurons expressing VGLUT(2). Altogether, our data suggests a role for VGLUT(2) in colorectal glutamatergic neurotransmission, potentially influencing colorectal sensitivity and motility.Fil: Brumovsky, Pablo Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Univeristy of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine; Estados Unidos. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Robinson, David R.. Univeristy of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados Unidos. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: La, Jun Ho. Univeristy of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Seroogy, Kim B.. No especifíca;Fil: Lundgren, Kerstin H.. No especifíca;Fil: Albers, Kathryn M.. Univeristy of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Kiyatkin, Michael E.. Univeristy of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Seal, Rebecca P.. No especifíca;Fil: Edwards, Robert H.. No especifíca;Fil: Watanabe, Masahiko. No especifíca;Fil: Hökfelt, Tomas. Karolinska Huddinge Hospital. Karolinska Institutet; SueciaFil: Gebhart, G. F.. Univeristy of Pittsburgh. School of Medicine; Estados Unido

Projected Lifetime Healthcare Costs Associated with HIV Infection.

OBJECTIVE: Estimates of healthcare costs associated with HIV infection would provide valuable insight for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of possible prevention interventions. We evaluate the additional lifetime healthcare cost incurred due to living with HIV. METHODS: We used a stochastic computer simulation model to project the distribution of lifetime outcomes and costs of men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) infected with HIV in 2013 aged 30, over 10,000 simulations. We assumed a resource-rich setting with no loss to follow-up, and that standards and costs of healthcare management remain as now. RESULTS: Based on a median (interquartile range) life expectancy of 71.5 (45.0-81.5) years for MSM in such a setting, the estimated mean lifetime cost of treating one person was £ 360,800 ($567,000 or € 480,000). With 3.5$291,000 or € 246,000). The largest proportion (68%) of these costs was attributed to antiretroviral drugs. If patented drugs are replaced by generic versions (at 20% cost of patented prices), estimated mean lifetime costs reduced to £ 179,000 ($281,000 or € 238,000) and £ 101,200 ($ 158,900 or € 134,600) discounted. CONCLUSIONS: If 3,000 MSM had been infected in 2013, then future lifetime costs relating to HIV care is likely to be in excess of £ 1 billion. It is imperative for investment into prevention programmes to be continued or scaled-up in settings with good access to HIV care services. Costs would be reduced considerably with use of generic antiretroviral drugs

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

VACCELERATE Site Network: Real-time definition of clinical study capacity in Europe

Background: The inconsistent European vaccine trial landscape rendered the continent of limited interest for vaccine developers. The VACCELERATE consortium created a network of capable clinical trial sites throughout Europe. VACCELERATE identifies and provides access to state-of-the-art vaccine trial sites to accelerate clinical development of vaccines. Methods: Login details for the VACCELERATE Site Network (vaccelerate.eu/site-network/) questionnaire can be obtained after sending an email to. Interested sites provide basic information, such as contact details, affiliation with infectious disease networks, main area of expertise, previous vaccine trial experience, site infrastructure and preferred vaccine trial settings. In addition, sites can recommend other clinical researchers for registration in the network. If directly requested by a sponsor or sponsor representative, the VACCELERATE Site Network pre-selects vaccine trial sites and shares basic study characteristics provided by the sponsor. Interested sites provide feedback with short surveys and feasibility questionnaires developed by VACCELERATE and are connected with the sponsor to initiate the site selection process. Results: As of April 2023, 481 sites from 39 European countries have registered in the VACCELERATE Site Network. Of these, 137 (28.5 %) sites have previous experience conducting phase I trials, 259 (53.8 %) with phase II, 340 (70.7 %) with phase III, and 205 (42.6 %) with phase IV trials, respectively. Infectious diseases were reported as main area of expertise by 274 sites (57.0 %), followed by any kind of immunosuppression by 141 (29.3 %) sites. Numbers are super additive as sites may report clinical trial experience in several indications. Two hundred and thirty-one (47.0 %) sites have the expertise and capacity to enrol paediatric populations and 391 (79.6 %) adult populations. Since its launch in October 2020, the VACCELERATE Site Network has been used 21 times for academic and industry trials, mostly interventional studies, focusing on different pathogens such as fungi, monkeypox virus, Orthomyxoviridae/influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, or Streptococcus pneumoniae/pneumococcus. Conclusions: The VACCELERATE Site Network enables a constantly updated Europe-wide mapping of experienced clinical sites interested in executing vaccine trials. The network is already in use as a rapid-turnaround single contact point for the identification of vaccine trials sites in Europe.The VACCELERATE Site Network has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation pro gramme (grant agreement No 101037867) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bil dung und Forschung [BMBF]) (grant agreement No BMBF01KX2040).S

The Incidence of AIDS-Defining Illnesses at a Current CD4 Count ≥200 Cells/µL in the Post-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era

The incidence of AIDS was higher in patients with a current CD4 count of 500-749 cells/µL compared to 750-999 cells/µL, but did not decrease further at higher CD4 levels. Results were similar in those virologically suppressed on combination antiretroviral therapy, suggesting immune reconstitution is incomplete until CD4 >750/µ