La Orden de La Cartuja y la configuración arquitectónica de sus monasterios. Especial atención a los sagrarios y la veneración del Santísimo Sacramento

Este trabajo ha sido realizado con el fin de dar a conocer la extensión e importancia que tuvo en España una de las órdenes monásticas más antiguas y rigurosas en el cumplimiento de su Regla, la comunidad de San Bruno. Centraré además una atención especial a una de sus costumbres más importantes, la veneración al Santísimo Sacramento, por la escenografía arquitectónica, pictórica y escultórica que se creó alrededor de Él y que nos ha dejado compuestos artísticos de suma importancia en nuestro país, sobre todo representativos de nuestro estilo Barroco hispánico.This work has been carried out with the aim of introducing the extension and importance in Spain of one of the oldest and most rigorous monastic orders in the fulfilment of its Rule, the community of Saint Bruno. I will also focus special attention on one of its most important customs, the veneration of the Blessed Sacrament, due to the architectural, pictorial and sculptural scenography that was created around it and which has left us artistic compositions of great importance in our country, above all representative of our Hispanic Baroque style.Departamento de Historia del ArteGrado en Historia del Art

Estudio del desgaste a nivel microcópico de los dientes anteriores de los homínidos del yacimiento pleistocénico de sima de los huesos (sierra de atapuerca, Burgos)

TESIS: MARINA LOZANO RUIZ"ESTUDIO DEL DESGASTE A NIVEL MICROSCÓPICO DE LOS DIENTES ANTERIORES DE LOS HOMÍNIDOS DEL YACIMIENTO PLEISTOCÉNICO DE SIMA DE LOS HUESOS (SIERRA DE ATAPUERCA, BURGOS)." La dentición es, junto con las manos, una de las partes del cuerpo humano que interactúa directamente con el exterior. El uso simultáneo de manos y dientes permite llevar a cabo una amplia diversidad de tareas en las que se procesan y modifican diversos materiales. Desde los primeros momentos de la evolución humana, las diversas especies que nos han precedido han utilizado sus dientes para procesar alimentos que posteriormente ingerían. La parte frontal de la arcada dental es mucho más versátil, ya que no solamente puede utilizarse para la preparación de alimentos, sino también para realizar una amplia gama de tareas entre las que destacan el procesamiento de fibras vegetales y materiales de origen animal como tendones y pieles. Las actividades que impliquen poner en contacto los dientes anteriores con diversos materiales producen señales y marcas en las superficies dentales. Estas alteraciones quedarán más o menos marcadas según la intensidad de estas actividades. Este hecho no ha pasado inadvertido para muchos investigadores que han analizado, tanto a nivel macro como microscópico, los rasgos de desgaste presentes en el esmalte dental. En la actualidad, contamos con una tipología de rasgos de desgaste bien establecida que permite identificar los procesos que los han formado. En el yacimiento de la Sima de los Huesos (SH) (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos) se han encontrado restos fósiles de veintiocho individuos pertenecientes a la especie Homo heidelbergensis con una cronología de 400.000 años BP. Entre estos restos, se cuenta con más de quinientos dientes, de los cuales 163 son incisivos y caninos. El análisis de las superficies vestibulares ha permitido documentar la presencia de estrías culturales con una marcada orientación en oblicuo derecho. Su formación es consecuencia del uso de la dentición anterior como tercera mano. En concreto, los individuos de SH pondrían en práctica la técnica conocida como stuff and cut. En el presente trabajo hemos podido confirmado esta etiología, determinando que la totalidad de individuos de la muestra de SH tiene este tipo de desgaste. Además, se han encontrado otros rasgos de desgaste como esquirlas de esmalte en las superficies vestibular e incisal, estrías vestíbulo-linguales y zonas del esmalte pulido que nos indican la realización de actividades extramasticatorias con la dentición anterior. Todo el grupo de homínidos de SH llevaba a cabo este tipo de tareas ya que no hemos encontrado diferencias en cuanto a sexo o edad. Los datos obtenidos para la muestra dental de SH se han comparado con aquellos procedentes del estudio de dos poblaciones de cazadores-recolectores modernos: esquimales y aborígenes australianos. En la dentición anterior de estas poblaciones hemos encontrado los mismos rasgos de desgaste que en la dentición de los individuos de SH. No obstante, algunos rasgos como las estrías culturales y las estrías vestíbulo-linguales tienen una representación mucho menor en las poblaciones modernas. Este hecho nos conduce a plantear que estos grupos humanos realizaban el mismo tipo de acciones que los individuos de SH, aunque con una intensidad y frecuencia menores. De este modo, los rasgos de desgaste documentados en la dentición anterior de los homínidos del yacimiento de Sima de los Huesos son indicativos de que éstos utilizaban sus dientes para realizar diversas manufacturas. Entre estas tareas podemos señalar el procesamiento de fibras vegetales y tendones de animales que eran pasados repetidamente entre los dientes anteriores y luego cortados con un instrumento lítico. Otra de las actividades que puede ocasionar las alteraciones documentadas es aprisionar un trozo de piel o carne entre los dientes para luego cortar un trozo con un instrumento lítico tan cerca de la boca que se ocasionarían pequeños cortes en los dientes de modo accidental. En conclusión, debemos indicar que el análisis de los rasgos de desgaste de la dentición anterior de los individuos de Sima de los Huesos nos ha permitido inferir la realización de tareas que implican el procesamiento de recursos del entorno para fines que sobrepasan la simple supervivencia. El hecho de que todos los individuos de SH tengan una proporción de rasgos de desgaste similares permite definirlos como un grupo cohesionado que había desarrollado unos hábitos de conducta que les permitían adaptarse al entorno que habitaban.EN INGLÉS TESIS MARINA LOZANO RUIZ"Study of microscopic dental wear of human anterior teeth of the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos)."Dentition is, together with hands, one of parts of human body in direct contact with exterior items. Hands and teeth used simultaneously allow us make a great amount of tasks for processing and modifying many materials. The different ancient Homo species have used their teeth for processing food previous to their ingestion. The front part of dental arcade is very versatile since not only it can be used for preparing foodstuff, but also for processing vegetable fibers and materials of animal origin like sinews and furs. The activities that imply anterior teeth contact with different materials can produce signals and marks on dental surfaces. These alterations will get more or less marked according to the intensity of these activities. This fact has not slipped by for many researchers that they have examined, macro and microscopically, the features of wear present in dental enamel. Nowadays, we have a well-established typology of microwear features that allow us identify formation processes. In Sima de los Huesos (SH) site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos), human remains belonging to twenty-eight individuals have been found. We consider the SH hominin sample as representative of Homo heidelbergensis species dated in 400.000 years BP. The current dental sample includes a total of 479 teeth, 163 of they are incisors and canines. We document the presence of many obliquely oriented cultural striations on buccal surface of anterior teeth. This type of scratching was the result of use of anterior dentition as a third hand. SH individuals perform the "stuff and cut" technique. In this work we have confirmed this aetiology, and we have determined that the entire SH sample have this kind of dental wear. Moreover, we can find other dental wear features as enamel chipping on buccal and oclusal surfaces, vestibule-lingual striations and enamel polishing on oclusal surface. All of these features indicate us that SH hominin perform extramasticatory activities with anterior teeth. Presence of these features in all hominin group of SH may suggest that this behaviour was common for both sexes and age groups. Data obtained from SH dental sample has been compared with data of two modern hunter-gatherer populations: Eskimos and Australian Aborigine. We can found the same dental wear features in these three populations. However, some kinds of wear features like cultural striations and vestibule-lingual striations are underrepresented in modern groups. This fact lead us to establish that modern hunters-gatherers carry out similar activities that fossil group, but with a lesser intensity and temporal frequency. Results of this study indicate that SH hominids employed their anterior teeth as tools. The extramasticatory activities are related with processing of vegetable fibers and animal sinews that are passed through anterior teeth repeatedly, and then fibers were cut with a lithic tool. The cultural striations would be produced when cutting the materials clasped between the teeth. We can conclude that analysis of wear features on SH anterior teeth suggest that these hominins employed their teeth for tasks related with processing of environment resources for purposes beyond survival. The presence of a similar proportion of dental wear in all SH sample suggests a systematic behaviour which extended throughout life

The prognostic impact of SIGLEC5-induced impairment of CD8+ T cell activation in sepsis

Immune checkpoint; Sepsis; T-cell exhaustionPunto de control inmunológico; Septicemia; Agotamiento de células TPunt de control immunitari; Sèpsia; Esgotament de cèl·lules TBackground Sepsis is associated with T-cell exhaustion, which significantly reduces patient outcomes. Therefore, targeting of immune checkpoints (ICs) is deemed necessary for effective sepsis management. Here, we evaluated the role of SIGLEC5 as an IC ligand and explored its potential as a biomarker for sepsis. Methods In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to both analyse SIGLEC5's role as an IC ligand, as well as assess its impact on survival in sepsis. A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the plasmatic soluble SIGLEC5 (sSIGLEC5) as a mortality predictor in the first 60 days after admission in sepsis patients. Recruitment included sepsis patients (n = 346), controls with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (n = 80), aneurism (n = 11), stroke (n = 16), and healthy volunteers (HVs, n = 100). Findings SIGLEC5 expression on monocytes was increased by HIF1α and was higher in septic patients than in healthy volunteers after ex vivo LPS challenge. Furthermore, SIGLEC5-PSGL1 interaction inhibited CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Administration of sSIGLEC5r (0.8 mg/kg) had adverse effects in mouse endotoxemia models. Additionally, plasma sSIGLEC5 levels of septic patients were higher than HVs and ROC analysis revealed it as a mortality marker with an AUC of 0.713 (95% CI, 0.656–0.769; p < 0.0001). Kaplan–Meier survival curve showed a significant decrease in survival above the calculated cut-off (HR of 3.418, 95% CI, 2.380–4.907, p < 0.0001 by log-rank test) estimated by Youden Index (523.6 ng/mL). Interpretation SIGLEC5 displays the hallmarks of an IC ligand, and plasma levels of sSIGLEC5 have been linked with increased mortality in septic patients.This work was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and “Fondos FEDER” to ELC (PIE15/00065, PI18/00148, PI14/01234, PI21/00869), to PP (20859/PI/18) and to CdF (PI21/01178), and received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowaska-Curie grant agreement to KMH (No. 713673; “laCaixa”). R.L.-R. was supported by “Predoctotales de formación en Investigación” (PFIS) grant FI19/00334 and J.A.-O. by Sara Borrell grant CD21/00059 from ISCIII. The Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d’Hebron Research Institute were supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013–2016, the ISCIII and Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0003)—co-financed by European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (JCRR, RF, JJGL, AF). Authors thank Emilio Llanos for his technical assistance

MPK6, sphinganine and the \u3ci\u3eLCB2a\u3c/i\u3e gene from serine palmitoyltransferase are required in the signaling pathway that mediates cell death induced by long chain bases in \u3ci\u3eArabidopsis\u3c/i\u3e

• Long chain bases (LCBs) are sphingolipid intermediates acting as second messengers in programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Most of the molecular and cellular features of this signaling function remain unknown. • We induced PCD conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and analyzed LCB accumulation kinetics, cell ultrastructure and phenotypes in serine palmitoyltransferase (spt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk), mitogenactivated protein phosphatase (mkp1) and lcb-hydroxylase (sbh) mutants. • The lcb2a-1 mutant was unable to mount an effective PCD in response to fumonisin B1 (FB1), revealing that the LCB2a gene is essential for the induction of PCD. The accumulation kinetics of LCBs in wild-type (WT) and lcb2a-1 plants and reconstitution experiments with sphinganine indicated that this LCB was primarily responsible for PCD elicitation. The resistance of the null mpk6 mutant to manifest PCD on FB1 and sphinganine addition and the failure to show resistance on pathogen infection and MPK6 activation by FB1 and LCBs indicated that MPK6 mediates PCD downstream of LCBs. • This work describes MPK6 as a novel transducer in the pathway leading to LCBinduced PCD in Arabidopsis, and reveals that sphinganine and the LCB2a gene are required in a PCD process that operates as one of the more effective strategies used as defense against pathogens in plants

Late Neanderthal subsistence strategies and cultural traditions in the northern Iberia Peninsula: Insights from Prado Vargas, Burgos, Spain

In order to better understand the causes and geographic patterns of Neanderthal demise it is necessary to broaden the focus of existing Neanderthal studies to include new sites from understudied regions, particularly those containing multi-level fossil and lithic records, and to improve regional-scale Neanderthal extinction frameworks using multiple dating techniques. To this end, we present an interdisciplinary study of the stratigraphy, chronology, pollen, fauna, lithic technology and human remains of the last Neanderthal level (Level N4) of Prado Vargas – a cave in northern Iberia, whose geographic location and chronology are ideal for investigating possible socio-economic and climatic influences on Neanderthal decline. Level N4 has yielded a rich Late Mousterian palimpsest indicative of repeated seasonal occupations, as well as a deciduous Neanderthal tooth, confirming the presence of children at the site. A wide range of human activities are detected in Level 4, with subsistence strategies demonstrating knowledgeable exploitation of the natural environs around the area. The site provides evidence for a distinctive recycling economy, including bone retouchers, recycling of cores, and intense (re)use of raw materials, which may reflect recurrent occupations or the particular cultural traditions of a regional group. Level N4 is dated to between 54.7 and 39.8 thousand years ago (ka) according to our new OSL and radiocarbon study. The late Neanderthal inhabitants of Prado Vargas were cold-adapted, and may have already been living in small, separate groups with marked territories and cultural traditions prior to the arrival of Homo sapiens in the Iberia Peninsula.Consejería de Cultura y Turismo de la Junta de Castilla y León y Ayuntamiento Merindad de Sotoscueva. The C14 dating was funded by Fundación Palarq. The OSL dating research was funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Early Career Researcher Award DE160100743 and ARC Future Fellowship project FT200100816 awarded to M. Demuro. Marta Santamaría is the beneficiary of a predoctoral grant from University of Burgos (UBU). Gala Gómez Merino did tasks of cleaning and conservation of the tooth. We are grateful to Fundación La Escuela (Cornejo), Asociación Naboki (Quisicedo), Casa del Parque del Monumento Natural de Ojo Guareña and Benigno Gómez Pereda

Impact of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the outcome of neurosurgical patients: A nationwide study in Spain

Objective To assess the effect of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the outcome of neurosurgical patients in Spain. Settings The initial flood of COVID-19 patients overwhelmed an unprepared healthcare system. Different measures were taken to deal with this overburden. The effect of these measures on neurosurgical patients, as well as the effect of COVID-19 itself, has not been thoroughly studied. Participants This was a multicentre, nationwide, observational retrospective study of patients who underwent any neurosurgical operation from March to July 2020. Interventions An exploratory factorial analysis was performed to select the most relevant variables of the sample. Primary and secondary outcome measures Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of mortality and postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Sixteen hospitals registered 1677 operated patients. The overall mortality was 6.4%, and 2.9% (44 patients) suffered a perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of those infections, 24 were diagnosed postoperatively. Age (OR 1.05), perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 4.7), community COVID-19 incidence (cases/10 5 people/week) (OR 1.006), postoperative neurological worsening (OR 5.9), postoperative need for airway support (OR 5.38), ASA grade =3 (OR 2.5) and preoperative GCS 3-8 (OR 2.82) were independently associated with mortality. For SARS-CoV-2 postoperative infection, screening swab test <72 hours preoperatively (OR 0.76), community COVID-19 incidence (cases/10 5 people/week) (OR 1.011), preoperative cognitive impairment (OR 2.784), postoperative sepsis (OR 3.807) and an absence of postoperative complications (OR 0.188) were independently associated. Conclusions Perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in neurosurgical patients was associated with an increase in mortality by almost fivefold. Community COVID-19 incidence (cases/10 5 people/week) was a statistically independent predictor of mortality. Trial registration number CEIM 20/217

Estudio para la mejora de las prácticas del Grado y Máster en Trabajo Social: Bases para la modificación del curriculum académico

Este proyecto la Facultad de Trabajo Social de la UCM valora la adecuación de la estructura y los contenidos del practicum de grado de Trabajo Social, para realizar una modificación del mismo acorde a las necesidades formativas teórico-prácticas del alumnado en su futura inserción profesional

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research