En studie av utvecklingen av drivningsnettot i skogsbruket

This master thesis consists of an investigation of the profitability per hectare in privatly owned forest land. The investigation is based on data collected from Skogsstyrelesen, Riksskogstaxeringen and Skogsforsk. . During the last twenty years the prices on pulp wood and saw log have substantial decreased, but during the same time the the volumes from final felling have increased and the cost for felling has decreased, this investigation shows how the netprofit per hectARE after final felling has changed between year 1980-2005 This investigation shows that that the netprofit has stayed on a stable level during the years 1985-2005 even though prices pulp wood and saw log decreased. Much indicates that the demand of swedish pulp wood and saw log will continue to be strong or even stronger wich will give increased prices and an higher netprofit after final felling in the future.Detta examensarbete undersöker av utvecklingen av drivningsnettot vid skogsavverkning. Arbetet baseras på data insamlat från Skogsstyrelsen, Riksskogstaxeringen och Skogforsk. Under en längre tid har realpriserna på sågtimmer och massaved gått ner kraftigt men samtidigt har volymerna ökat och kostnaden för avverkning minskat. Detta arbete visar hur drivningsnettot per hektar har utvecklats mellan åren 1980-2005. Resultatet av studien visar att drivningsnettot per hektar har legat på en stabil nivå mellan åren 1980-2005 trots de sjunkande priserna på sågtimmer och massaved. Mycket tyder dessutom på en fortsatt hög efterfrågan på svenskt virke vilket ger högre priser och i framtiden ett ökat drivningsnetto

Einstein-Rosen "Bridge" Needs Lightlike Brane Source

The Einstein-Rosen "bridge" wormhole solution proposed in the classic paper [1] does not satisfy the vacuum Einstein equations at the wormhole throat. We show that the fully consistent formulation of the original Einstein-Rosen "bridge" requires solving Einstein equations of bulk D=4 gravity coupled to a lightlike brane with a well-defined world-volume action. The non-vanishing contribution of Einstein-Rosen "bridge" solution to the right hand side of Einstein equations at the throat matches precisely the surface stress-energy tensor of the lightlike brane which automatically occupies the throat ("horizon straddling") - a feature triggered by the world-volume lightlike brane dynamics.Comment: 16 pages, added explicit expressions for pressure and energy density of the lightlike brane as well as a new paragraph in the conclusions, version to appear in Physics Letters

The complexity of kidney disease and diagnosing it – cystatin C, selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes and proteome regulation

Estimation of kidney function is often part of daily clinical practice, mostly done by using the endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-markers creatinine or cystatin C. A recommendation to use both markers in parallel in 2010 has resulted in new knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of kidney disorders by the identification of a new set of kidney disorders, selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. These syndromes, connected to strong increases in mortality and morbidity, are characterized by a selective reduction in the glomerular filtration of 5–30 kDa molecules, such as cystatin C, compared to the filtration of small molecules <1 kDa dominating the glomerular filtrate, for example water, urea and creatinine. At least two types of such disorders, shrunken or elongated pore syndrome, are possible according to the pore model for glomerular filtration. Selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes are prevalent in investigated populations, and patients with these syndromes often display normal measured GFR or creatinine-based GFR-estimates. The syndromes are characterized by proteomic changes promoting the development of atherosclerosis, indicating antibodies and specific receptor-blocking substances as possible new treatment modalities. Presently, the KDIGO guidelines for diagnosing kidney disorders do not recommend cystatin C as a general marker of kidney function and will therefore not allow the identification of a considerable number of patients with selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. Furthermore, as cystatin C is uninfluenced by muscle mass, diet or variations in tubular secretion and cystatin C-based GFR-estimation equations do not require controversial race or sex terms, it is obvious that cystatin C should be a part of future KDIGO guidelines.publishedVersio

Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with ~700 common associated variants identified so far through genome - wide association studies . Here , we report 83 height - associated coding variants with lower minor allele frequenc ies ( range of 0.1 - 4.8% ) and effects of up to 2 16 cm /allele ( e.g. in IHH , STC2 , AR and CRISPLD2 ) , >10 times the average effect of common variants . In functional follow - up studies, rare height - increasing alleles of STC2 (+1 - 2 cm/allele) compromise d proteolytic inhibition of PAPP - A and increased cleavage of IGFBP - 4 in vitro , resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin - like growth factors . The se 83 height - associated variants overlap genes mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates ( e.g. ADAMTS3, IL11RA, NOX4 ) and pathways ( e.g . proteoglycan/ glycosaminoglycan synthesis ) involved in growth . Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low - frequency variants of moderate to large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes , and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways

The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 x 10(-8)), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution. A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.Peer reviewe

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Högintensiva tillfällen : En studie om esportsändningar och dess tittare

The popularity of competitive gaming; esport, has been growing rapidly in the last couple ofyears. People are competing in their favourite games for prize money while millions of peopleare watching it all online. The broadcasting and viewership of esport is reaching largenumbers that could contend with major traditional sporting events. A significant featconsidering the relative short lifespan of esport and its broadcasting compared to traditionalbroadcasting of sports. Some research has been done on esport but very few studies havebeen conducted specifically focusing on esport broadcasting. How come so many people areinterested in watching esport but no one to study it? What can we learn from studying esportbroadcasts? In this study interviews are conducted to identify element which makes viewerswant to watch esport broadcasts. The interviews reveal that highlights plays a big part inmotivating people to watch esport broadcasts. With the help of related studies and theinterviews, a framework is constructed to help identify and analyse these highlights. Fromthe framework it could be concluded that suspense and surprise working in symbiosis as wellas analysis and teaching of the complex game is the largest contributors to the entertainmentand motivation to watch an esport broadcast

Performence comparison between webbased 3D frameworks using different architectures

Denna studie jämför två olika 3D-ramverk i form av A-Frame med Entity component system och Babylon.js utan Entity component system för att undersöka hur arkitekturen i ramverket påverkar renderingstiden. För att mäta renderingstiden mäts frames per second på ett utvecklat tower defense spel per ramverk med 3D-grafik i webbläsaren Google Chrome. Detta är i form av ett tekniskt experiment för att utesluta utomstående variabler. Det utvecklades tre nivåer av komplexitet inom spelen för att undersöka hur komplexiteten påverkar renderingshastigheten men efter mätningarna visade det sig att de olika nivåerna av komplexitet i artefakterna hade ingen signifikant påverkan på resultatet. Dock fanns det en signifikant skillnad mellan de olika ramverken där A-Frame med Entity component system fick sämre resultat. För vidare arbeten behöver antalet webbläsare i experimentet utökas samt en högre nivå av komplexitet testas för att få mer verklighetstrogna resultat.Stavningsvarierade titlar på svenska och engelska:Prestandajämförelse mellan webbaserade 3D-ramverk med olika arkitekturerPerformance comparison between web-based 3D frameworks using different architectures</p

Windows Phone - Taxi booking application

Användare kan idag boka taxi via TaxiCaller på webben, iPhone och Android. De vill även finnas på Windows Phone 8 och därmed stödja de tre största smartphoneplattformarna. Den här rapporten syftar till att undersöka hur en applikation kan utvecklas med hjälp av ett användarcentrerat arbetssätt för att uppnå hög användbarhet. Prototyping, card sort, användbarhetskrav är några av de metoder som tillämpats. Rapporten beskriver metoderna genom dess teori, hur de tillämpats i projektet samt dess resultat. Det grundläggande genomförandet var att samla in användarinformation för att sedan utveckla en prototyp som testades på användare. Sedan gjordes en ny prototyp utifrån resultatet från användartestet och denna process itererade fram fyra prototyper. Användbarhetsproblem från testerna samt tid för genomförande av specificerad uppgift redogörs. Resultatet är en prototyp för Windows Phone 8 som nästintill är helt färdig för publicering. Användartest är den metod som haft mest påverkan på resultatet av applikationen. Varje test har frambringat problem med användbarheten som sedan har kunnat åtgärdas för att förbättra applikationen. Med tanke på utvärderingar och de krav som specificerades är jag nöjd med resultatet som bland annat är avskalat och grafiskt tilltalande samtidigt som den önskade funktionaliteten från TaxiCaller är implementerad