The first report of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) on Italian cultured stocks of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

The monogenean Gyrodactylus salons Malmberg, 1957 is considered one of the most important parasites of wild salmonids in the European Community due to the heavy ecological and economical damage it has inflicted on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) part populations. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is susceptible to G. salaris and can act as a suitable carrier host and, consequently, its trade in EU territory is restricted in relation to the status of "recognized free" zones. Despite the economic importance of rainbow trout farming in Italy, information on the Italian gyrodactylid fauna is lacking and prior to this salons had not been officially reported. During a routine health examination of study farmed rainbow trout stock throughout Central and Northern Italy in 2004-2005, five fish farms were found to be infected with G. salons alongside three other gyrodactylids Morphological and molecular characterisation confirmed the presence of G. salons, Gyrodactylus teuchis Lautraite, Blanc, Thiery, Daniel et Vigneulle, 1999 and Gyrodactylus derjavinoides Malmberg, Collins, Cunningham et Jalah, 2007, while Gyrodactylus truttae Glaser, 1974 was identified by morphological analysis only. The findings from this study extend the distribution of G. salons within Europe and highlight the importance of the rainbow trout trade in its dissemination

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink

LES GYRODACTYLIDES PARASITANT LES SALMONIDES DU MASSIF ARMORICAIN ET DU BASSIN DE L'ADOUR (BIODIVERSITE ET EPIDEMIOLOGIE)

RENNES-Agrocampus-Bibl. Linné (352382308) / SudocNANTES-Ecole Nat.Vétérinaire (441092302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Neurasthénie et hémorrhagies des muqueuses

Thèse : Médecine : Université de Bordeaux : 1895N° d'ordre : 7

Gyrodactylids parasitizing salmonids in Brittany and Western Pyrénées water basins: epidemiological features of infection and species composition

In the first part of a national survey of gyrodactylid parasites, with spécial référence to Gyrodactylus salaris, funded by French administrations, two water basins harbouring Atlantic salmon were sampled : Brittany (7 rivers and 3 restocking farms) and the Adour basin in the Western Pyrénées (6 rivers and 1 restocking farm). 535 salmonids were collected and examined for G. salaris and other gyrodactylid species investigations. Identification procedure was performed by morphological examination and molecular analysis. Both methods led to the same conclusions with a high degree of consistency : Gyrodactylus salaris was declared absent from the examined samples and, therefore, can be considered absent from the sampled water basins with a high level of confidence (over 99.4%). 99.4 % ) . A new Gyrodactylus species was identified first by morphological examination and confirmed by molecular analysis. This new species is named Gyrodactylus teuchis (CUNNINGHAM et al., in prep.). T his result has been confirmed by an independent study performed in t h e same time (Dr. C.O. CUNNINGHAM, personal communication). G. teuchis shares several morphological and molecular characters with G. salaris. The wrong identification of the latter in France by JOHNSTON et al. (1996) probably originates in their similarities . The absence of Gyrodactylus salaris in both sampled régions, displaying optimal conditions for the parasite's maintenance, leads us to deny its current presence in France. Atlantic salmon parr, mainly parasitized by G. derjavini, are not infected by G. salaris in Brittany and Western Pyrénées. Rainbow trout and brown trout, for which prevalence of gyrodactylids is significantly higher than on salmon parr, are suitable hosts for G. teuchis. This wild fish survey will be extended to other parts of France and probably to farmed salmonids. In t he same way, the actual status towards G. salaris in whole continental Europe needs to be clarified. Biological characteristics of G. teuchis, particularly, its specificity, population dynamics and pathogenesis towards the main host species should be investigated. Besides, further work should be carried out to improve the reliability and efficiency of both identification methods

In vitro effects of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on human and rat granulo-monocytic progenitors.

International audienceDiacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various species of fungi. Trichothecenes are known as major contaminants of cereals and cereal-containing foods. DAS has been detected in agricultural products worldwide and persists in products after processing. In human as well as in animals, DAS consumption has been shown to induce haematological disorders (neutropenia, aplastic anemia). Granulo-monocytic progenitors (CFU-GM) from human umbilical cord blood and rat bone marrow have been cultured in the presence of DAS (from 10(-8) M to 5 x 10(-10) M) for 14 days. Study of concentration and effect relationships have shown a sharp effect of DAS on rat CFU-GM between 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M, while human CFU-GM are able to grow in the presence of 10(-8) M of the toxin. IC50 values on day 14 are respectively, 7.6 x 10(-9) M for human CFU-GM and 6.2 x 10(-9) M for rat CFU-GM