Parenting trans and nonbinary youth

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A literature review of biological and bio-rational control strategies for slugs: Current research and future prospects

Terrestrial gastropod molluscs (slugs and snails) (Mollusca: Gastropoda) cause significant crop damage around the world. There is no formal approach for differentiating between slugs and snails; however, an organism is usually considered a slug when there is no external shell, or when the shell is small in comparison to the body, and a snail when there is a large external shell. Although snails are an important pest of many crops, this review focuses on slug pests and their nonchemical control measures. A recent study by the UK Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board concluded that the failure to control slugs could cost the UK agriculture industry over GBP 100 million annually, with similar figures reported around the world. Whilst slugs are mostly controlled using chemical molluscicide products, some actives have come under scrutiny due to their detrimental environmental effects and impact on nontarget organisms. This has resulted in the ban of actives such as methiocarb in the UK and EU, and, more recently, the ban of metaldehyde in the UK. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find alternative and effective nontoxic solutions in the interest of global food security. In this paper, we have integrated extant literature on the three main biological control agents of slugs, namely nematodes, carabid beetles and sciomyzid flies, and various promising bio-rational slug control strategies. The review also highlights current research gaps and indicates some relevant potential future directions towards developing environmentally benign slug control solutions

Effect of sex pheromone emission on the attraction of Lobesia botrana

Since the discovery of Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) sex pheromone, it has played an important role in the control and detection of this pest, for example, through the use of pheromone-baited traps and mating disruption techniques. Rubber septa are the most common pheromone dispensers used in monitoring traps, but often dispenser performance is not optimized. The key to improve methods based on pheromones as attractants (monitoring, mass trapping, or ‘attract and kill’) is to know the optimum emission interval, because release rates can strongly affect the attraction. In this work, five levels of pheromone load with different release rates were compared in traps using mesoporous pheromone dispensers to investigate the optimum release rate maximizing L. botrana catches. Residual pheromone loads of the dispensers were extracted and quantified by gas chromatography, to study release profiles and to estimate the various emission levels. The efficacy of pheromone emission was measured in field trials as number of moths caught. A quadratic model was fitted to relate the numbers caught vs. the daily emission rates. The resulting quadratic term was statistically significant, confirming the existence of a relative maximum for L. botrana catches. Taking into account that the trial was carried out only in one location, an optimum emission value of ca. 400 μg per day could be considered to enhance the attraction of L. botrana under West-Mediterranean weather conditions.© 2011 The Authors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata © 2011 The Netherlands Entomological Society.Vacas González, S.; Alfaro Cañamás, C.; Zarzo Castelló, M.; Navarro-Llopis, V.; Primo Millo, J. (2011). Effect of sex pheromone emission on the attraction of Lobesia botrana. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 139(3):250-257. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01124.xS2502571393Anshelevich, L., Kehat, M., Dunkelblum, E., & Greenberg, S. (1994). Sex Pheromone Traps for Monitoring the European Vine Moth,Lobesia botrana: Effect of Dispenser Type, Pheromone Dose, Field Aging of Dispenser, and Type of Trap on Male Captures. Phytoparasitica, 22(4), 281-290. doi:10.1007/bf02980529Arn, H., Rauscher, S., Guerin, P., & Buser, H.-R. (1988). Sex pheromone blends of three tortricid pests in European vineyards. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 21(1-2), 111-117. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(88)90143-0Bradley, S. J., Suckling, D. M., McNaughton, K. G., Wearing, C. H., & Karg, G. (1995). A temperature-dependent model for predicting release rates of pheromone from a polyethylene tubing dispenser. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21(6), 745-760. doi:10.1007/bf02033458Branco, M., Jactel, H., Silva, E. B., Binazzi, A., & Mendel, Z. (2004). Effect of trap design, trap size and pheromone dose on male capture of two pine bast scales species (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae): implications for monitoring and mass-trapping. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 6(3), 233-239. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9555.2004.00219.xCork, A., Alam, S. N., Das, A., Das, C. S., Ghosh, G. C., Farman, D. I., … Srinivasan, K. (2001). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27(9), 1867-1877. doi:10.1023/a:1010416927282Corma A Muñoz-Pallares J Primo-Yufera E 1999 Production of semiochemical emitters having a controlled emission speed which are based on inorganic molecular sievesCorma A Muñoz-Pallares J Primo-Yufera E 2000 Emitter of semiochemical substances supported on a sepiolite, preparation process and applicationsCritchley, B. R., Hall, D. R., Farman, D. I., McVeigh, L. J., Mulaa, M. A. O. A., & Kalama, P. (1997). Monitoring and mating disruption of the maize stalkborer, Busseola fusca, in Kenya with pheromones. Crop Protection, 16(6), 541-548. doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(97)00026-4Cross, J. V., Hesketh, H., Jay, C. N., Hall, D. R., Innocenzi, P. J., Farman, D. I., & Burgess, C. M. (2006). Exploiting the aggregation pheromone of strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Part 1. Development of lure and trap. Crop Protection, 25(2), 144-154. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.04.002Domínguez-Ruiz, J., Sanchis, J., Navarro-Llopis, V., & Primo, J. (2008). A New Long-Life Trimedlure Dispenser for Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101(4), 1325-1330. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1325:anltdf]2.0.co;2El-Sayed, A., Gödde, J., Witzgall, P., & Arn, H. (1999). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25(2), 389-400. doi:10.1023/a:1020811200054Evenden, M. L., Borden, J. H., Van Sickle, G. A., & Gries, G. (1995). Development of a Pheromone-Based Monitoring System for Western Hemlock Looper (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Effect of Pheromone Dose, Lure Age, and Trap Type. Environmental Entomology, 24(4), 923-932. doi:10.1093/ee/24.4.923Franklin, A. J., & Grégoire, J.-C. (2001). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27(12), 2425-2435. doi:10.1023/a:1013619313415Groot, P., & DeBarr, G. L. (1998). Factors affecting capture of the white pine cone beetle,Conophthorus coniperda(Schwarz) (Col., Scolytidae) in pheromone traps. Journal of Applied Entomology, 122(1-5), 281-286. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01498.xHowse, P. E., Stevens, I. D. R., & Jones, O. T. (1998). Insect Pheromones and their Use in Pest Management. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5344-7Ideses, R., Klug, J. T., Shani, A., Gothilf, S., & Gurevitz, E. (1982). Sex pheromone of the European grapevine moth,Lobesia botrana Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Synthesis and effect of isomeric purity on biological activity. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8(1), 195-200. doi:10.1007/bf00984016Ifoulis, A. A., & Savopoulou-Soultani, M. (2006). Use of Geostatistical Analysis to Characterize the Spatial Distribution ofLobesia botrana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae in Northern Greece. Environmental Entomology, 35(2), 497-506. doi:10.1603/0046-225x-35.2.497Jacobson, M., & Beroza, M. (1964). Insect Attractants. Scientific American, 211(2), 20-27. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0864-20Jactel, H., Menassieu, P., Vétillard, F., Barthélémy, B., Piou, D., Frérot, B., … Battisti, A. (2006). Population monitoring of the pine processionary moth (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) with pheromone-baited traps. Forest Ecology and Management, 235(1-3), 96-106. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.002Kawazu, K., Kamimuro, T., Kamiwada, H., Nagata, K., Matsunaga, T., Sugie, H., … Tatsuki, S. (2004). Effective pheromone lures for monitoring the rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Crop Protection, 23(7), 589-593. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2003.11.009Kehat, M., Anshelevich, L., Dunkelblum, E., Fraishtat, P., & Greenberg, S. (1994). Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the codling moth: effect of dispenser type, field aging of dispenser, pheromone dose and type of trap on male captures. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 70(1), 55-62. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01758.xKnutson, A. E., Harris, M. K., & Millar, J. G. (1998). Effects of Pheromone Dose, Lure Age, and Trap Design on Capture of Male Pecan Nut Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Pheromone-Baited Traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91(3), 715-722. doi:10.1093/jee/91.3.715Kovanci, O. B., Schal, C., Walgenbach, F., & Kennedy, G. G. (2006). Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards. Phytoparasitica, 34(3), 252-260. doi:10.1007/bf02980952Leonhardt, B. A., Cunningham, R. T., Rice, R. E., Harte, E. M., & Hendrichs, J. (1989). Design, Effectiveness, and Performance Criteria of Dispenser Formulations of Trimedlure, an Attractant of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(3), 860-867. doi:10.1093/jee/82.3.860Leonhardt, B. A., Mastro, V. C., Paszek, E. C., Schwalbe, C. P., & Devilbiss, E. D. (1990). Dependence of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Capture on Pheromone Release Rate from Laminate and Other Dispensers. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(5), 1977-1981. doi:10.1093/jee/83.5.1977Mason, L. J., Jansson, R. K., & Heath, R. R. (1990). Sampling range of male sweetpotato weevils (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) (Summers) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to pheromone traps: Influence of pheromone dosage and lure age. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16(8), 2493-2502. doi:10.1007/bf01017472Millar, J. G., Knudson, A. E., McElfresh, J. S., Gries, R., Gries, G., & Davis, J. H. (1996). Sex attractant pheromone of the pecan nut casebearer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 4(3), 331-339. doi:10.1016/0968-0896(96)00010-7Murlis, J., Elkinton, J. S., & Cardé, R. T. (1992). Odor Plumes and How Insects Use Them. Annual Review of Entomology, 37(1), 505-532. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.002445ROEHRICH, R., CARLES, J.-P., DREUILHE, A., & VONDERHEYDEN, F. (1983). Captures de Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) au piège sexuel en relation avec la dose en phéromone du diffuseur. Agronomie, 3(9), 925-930. doi:10.1051/agro:19830915Roelofs, W. L., & CardÉ, R. T. (1974). Oriental Fruit Moth 1 and Lesser Appleworm 1 Attractant Mixtures Refined 2. Environmental Entomology, 3(4), 586-588. doi:10.1093/ee/3.4.586ROELOFS, W. L., GIESELMANN, M. J., CARDÉ, A. M., TASHIRO, H., MORENO, D. S., HENRICK, C. A., & ANDERSON, R. J. (1977). Sex pheromone of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii. Nature, 267(5613), 698-699. doi:10.1038/267698a0Vacas, S., Alfaro, C., Navarro-Llopis, V., Zarzo, M., & Primo, J. (2009). Study on the Optimum Pheromone Release Rate for Attraction of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3), 1094-1100. doi:10.1603/029.102.0330Witzgall, P., Tasin, M., Buser, H.-R., Wegner-Kiß, G., Marco Mancebón, V. S., Ioriatti, C., … Francke, W. (2005). New Pheromone Components of the Grapevine Moth Lobesia botrana. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31(12), 2923-2932. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-8404-1Witzgall, P., Kirsch, P., & Cork, A. (2010). Sex Pheromones and Their Impact on Pest Management. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36(1), 80-100. doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9737-yWyman, J. A. (1979). Effect of Trap Design and Sex Attractant Release Rates on Tomato Pinworm Catches1. Journal of Economic Entomology, 72(6), 865-868. doi:10.1093/jee/72.6.865Zhang, A., & Amalin, D. (2005). Sex Pheromone of the Female Pink Hibiscus Mealybug,Maconellicoccus hirsutus(Green) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): Biological Activity Evaluation. Environmental Entomology, 34(2), 264-270. doi:10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.26

Genotyping-by-Sequencing of Gossypium hirsutum Races and Cultivars Uncovers Novel Patterns of Genetic Relationships and Domestication Footprints

Determining the genetic rearrangement and domestication footprints in Gossypium hirsutum cultivars and primitive race genotypes are essential for effective gene conservation efforts and the development of advanced breeding molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding. In this study, 94 accessions representing the 7 primitive races of G hirsutum, along with 9 G hirsutum and 12 Gossypium barbadense cultivated accessions were evaluated. The genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach was employed and 146 558 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were generated. Distinct SNP signatures were identified through the combination of selection scans and association analyses. Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted, and we concluded that the Latifolium, Richmondi, and Marie-Galante race accessions were more genetically related to the G hirsutum cultivars and tend to cluster together. Fifty-four outlier SNP loci were identified by selection-scan analysis, and 3 SNPs were located in genes related to the processes of plant responding to stress conditions and confirmed through further genome-wide signals of marker-phenotype association analysis, which indicate a clear selection signature for such trait. These results identified useful candidate gene locus for cotton breeding programs. </jats:p

Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in reward processing in the human brain

Rationale Disturbed reward processing in humans has been associated with a number of disorders, such as depression, addiction, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been implicated in reward processing in animals, but in humans, the relation between eCB functioning and reward is less clear. Objectives The current study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the role of the eCB system in reward processing in humans by examining the effect of the eCB agonist Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on reward-related brain activity. Methods Eleven healthy males participated in a randomized placebo-controlled pharmacological fMRI study with administration of THC to challenge the eCB system. We compared anticipatory and feedback-related brain activity after placebo and THC, using a monetary incentive delay task. In this task, subjects are notified before each trial whether a correct response is rewarded (“reward trial”) or not (“neutral trial”). Results Subjects showed faster reaction times during reward trials compared to neutral trials, and this effect was not altered by THC. THC induced a widespread attenuation of the brain response to feedback in reward trials but not in neutral trials. Anticipatory brain activity was not affected. Conclusions These results suggest a role for the eCB system in the appreciation of rewards. The involvement of the eCB system in feedback processing may be relevant for disorders in which appreciation of natural rewards may be affected such as addiction

Symptomatic reactions, clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction associated with upper cervical chiropractic care: A prospective, multicenter, cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Observational studies have previously shown that adverse events following manipulation to the neck and/or back are relatively common, although these reactions tend to be mild in intensity and self-limiting. However, no prospective study has examined the incidence of adverse reactions following spinal adjustments using upper cervical techniques, and the impact of this care on clinical outcomes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Consecutive new patients from the offices of 83 chiropractors were recruited for this practice-based study. Clinical outcome measures included 1) Neck pain disability index (100-point scale), 2) Oswestry back pain index (100-point scale), 3) 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) for neck, headache, midback, and low back pain, 4) treatment satisfaction, and 5) Symptomatic Reactions (SR). Data were collected at baseline, and after approximately 2 weeks of care. A patient reaching sub-clinical status for pain and disability was defined as a follow-up score <3 NRS and <10%, respectively. A SR is defined as a new complaint not present at baseline or a worsening of the presenting complaint by >30% based on an 11-point numeric rating scale occurring <24 hours after any upper cervical procedure.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 1,090 patients completed the study having 4,920 (4.5 per patient) office visits requiring 2,653 (2.4 per patient) upper cervical adjustments over 17 days. Three hundred thirty- eight (31.0%) patients had SRs meeting the accepted definition. Intense SR (NRS ≥8) occurred in 56 patients (5.1%). Outcome assessments were significantly improved for neck pain and disability, headache, mid-back pain, as well as lower back pain and disability (<it>p </it><0.001) following care with a high level (mean = 9.1/10) of patient satisfaction. The 83 chiropractors administered >5 million career upper cervical adjustments without a reported incidence of serious adverse event.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Upper cervical chiropractic care may have a fairly common occurrence of mild intensity SRs short in duration (<24 hours), and rarely severe in intensity; however, outcome assessments were significantly improved with less than 3 weeks of care with a high level of patient satisfaction. Although our findings need to be confirmed in subsequent randomized studies for definitive risk-benefit assessment, the preliminary data shows that the benefits of upper cervical chiropractic care may outweigh the potential risks.</p

Close-to-threshold Meson Production in Hadronic Interactions

Studies of meson production at threshold in the hadron--hadron interaction began in the fifties when sufficient energies of accelerated protons were available. A strong interdependence between developments in accelerator physics, detector performance and theoretical understanding led to a unique vivid field of physics. Early experiments performed with bubble chambers revealed already typical ingredients of threshold studies, which were superseded by more complete meson production investigations at the nucleon beam facilities TRIUMF, LAMPF, PSI, LEAR and SATURNE. Currently, with the advent of the new cooler rings as IUCF, CELSIUS and COSY the field is entering a new domain of precision and the next step of further progress. The analysis of this new data in the short range limit permits a more fundamental consideration and a quantitative comparison of the production processes for different mesons in the few--body final states. The interpretation of the data take advantage of the fact that production reactions close-to-threshold are characterized by only a few degrees of freedom between a well defined combination of initial and exit channels. Deviations from predictions of phase-space controlled one-meson-exchange models are indications of new and exciting physics. Precision data on differential cross sections, isospin and spin observables -- partly but by no means adequately available -- are presently turning up on the horizon. There is work for the next years and excitement of the physics expected. Here we try to give a brief and at the same time comprehensive overview of this field of hadronic threshold production studies.Comment: 100 pages, Review article to be published in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. Vol. 49, issue 1 (2002

Inherited variants in regulatory T cell genes and outcome of ovarian cancer.

Although ovarian cancer is the most lethal of gynecologic malignancies, wide variation in outcome following conventional therapy continues to exist. The presence of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) has a role in outcome of this disease, and a growing body of data supports the existence of inherited prognostic factors. However, the role of inherited variants in genes encoding Treg-related immune molecules has not been fully explored. We analyzed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and sequence-based tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) for 54 genes associated with Tregs in 3,662 invasive ovarian cancer cases. With adjustment for known prognostic factors, suggestive results were observed among rarer histological subtypes; poorer survival was associated with minor alleles at SNPs in RGS1 (clear cell, rs10921202, p = 2.7×10(-5)), LRRC32 and TNFRSF18/TNFRSF4 (mucinous, rs3781699, p = 4.5×10(-4), and rs3753348, p = 9.0×10(-4), respectively), and CD80 (endometrioid, rs13071247, p = 8.0×10(-4)). Fo0r the latter, correlative data support a CD80 rs13071247 genotype association with CD80 tumor RNA expression (p = 0.006). An additional eQTL SNP in CD80 was associated with shorter survival (rs7804190, p = 8.1×10(-4)) among all cases combined. As the products of these genes are known to affect induction, trafficking, or immunosuppressive function of Tregs, these results suggest the need for follow-up phenotypic studies

Associations between sleep consolidation in infancy and peer relationships in middle childhood

Sleep plays an important role in many aspects of children’s development. Research on children’s sleep and their peer relationships has begun to emerge in the last years. However, these studies are mostly cross-sectional. The current study aimed to investigate the associations between infant sleep and peer relationships in middle childhood. The sample comprised 72 children. Sleep was measured at 1 year using a sleep diary completed by mothers. In the second and third grades of elementary school (7 and 8 years of age), mothers and fathers reported on their children’s functioning with peers. When they were in third grade, children were interviewed regarding their friendship quality with a best friend. Results revealed negative associations between children’s sleep consolidation (i.e., ratio of nighttime sleep) and parent-reported peer problems, and positive associations between sleep consolidation and perceived friendship quality. These findings suggest that well-regulated sleep in infancy may help children develop the skills necessary for later appropriate social functioning in peer contexts

Histone Deacetylase 3 Depletion in Osteo/Chondroprogenitor Cells Decreases Bone Density and Increases Marrow Fat

Histone deacetylase (Hdac)3 is a nuclear enzyme that contributes to epigenetic programming and is required for embryonic development. To determine the role of Hdac3 in bone formation, we crossed mice harboring loxP sites around exon 7 of Hdac3 with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the osterix promoter. The resulting Hdac3 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were runted and had severe deficits in intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. Calvarial bones were significantly thinner and trabecular bone volume in the distal femur was decreased 75% in the Hdac3 CKO mice due to a substantial reduction in trabecular number. Hdac3-CKO mice had fewer osteoblasts and more bone marrow adipocytes as a proportion of tissue area than their wildtype or heterozygous littermates. Bone formation rates were depressed in both the cortical and trabecular regions of Hdac3 CKO femurs. Microarray analyses revealed that numerous developmental signaling pathways were affected by Hdac3-deficiency. Thus, Hdac3 depletion in osterix-expressing progenitor cells interferes with bone formation and promotes bone marrow adipocyte differentiation. These results demonstrate that Hdac3 inhibition is detrimental to skeletal health