Valores de colinesterasa plasmática y eritrocitaria con ácido 6-6‘-ditiodinicotínico (DTNA) como indicador

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal empleando ácido 6-6‘-ditiodinicotínico (DTNA) como indicador para calcular los valores de la actividad de colinesterasa plasmática (AchP) y eritrocitaria (AchE) humana y estandarizarlos para ser utilizados como indicadores de riesgo laboral por exposición a organofosforados y carbamatos en la población de la zona cafetera de Colombia. Se eligió esta técnica pues es una alternativa precisa, sencilla y económica: con pocos interferentes permite analizar AchP y AchE, no se tiene que corregir con hemoglobina; el DTNA es estable congelado o refrigerado y permite analizar muchas muestras en poco tiempo. Se evaluaron 819 muestras de agricultores. La AchE fue significativamente mayor en las personas menores de 45 años y en personas no fumigadoras, la AchP fue mayor en los fumigadores; esto es un indicador de que la población fumigadora se encuentra expuesta a organofosforados y carbamatos de forma prolongada. Se sugiere utilizar como valores máximos de referencia de la AchE y AchP 11378 U/L y 10354 U/L, respectivamente como indicadores de intervención ocupacional.A cross-sectional descriptive study using 6-6‘-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA) as an indicator was performed to calculate the values of plasma cholinesterase (AchP) and erythrocyte (AchE) activity and to standardize them to be used as indicators of occupational risk by exposure to organophosphates and carbamates in the population of the Colombian Coffee Growing Area. This method was chosen because it is an accurate, simple, and non-expensive alternative: with few interferents it allows measuring both AchP and AchE, it does not have to be corrected with hemoglobin; The DTNA is stable frozen or refrigerated and allows to analyze many samples in a short time. A number of 819 samples from farmers were evaluated. While AchE was significantly higher in people under 45 years and in non-fumigating people, AchP was higher in fumigators; this result is an indicator that the fumigant population is exposed to organophosphates and carbamates on a long-term basis. It is suggested to use as maximum reference values of AchE and AchP 11378 U / L and 10354 U / L, respectively as indicators of occupational intervention

Evaluación de los factores de riesgo quimicos de los laboratorios de química, biología, suelos, lic. biologia ambiental, agroindustria, múltiples de medicina y biomédicas de la Universidad del Quindío

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional de las condiciones de trabajo y salud de 25 técnicos de 7 laboratorios de química de la Universidad del Quindío, expuestos a riesgos químicos. Se detectó el uso de reactivos de diferente peligrosidad: corrosivos, comburentes, inflamables, explosivos, tóxicos, irritantes, nocivos, entre otras. De los 25 técnicos encuestados, el 72% (18) fueron mujeres. Se distribuyeron por grupos quinquenales dando como resultado un promedio de edad de 32 años; el más joven de 20 y el mayor de 52 años, con una desviación estándar de 9.2. Entre los veinte y treinta y seis años están situados el 72% de la población. Se pudo observar que el 31% de los trabajadores están expuestos a trabajar en espacios reducidos y de circulación, un 19% no cuentan con equipos de extinción de incendios y el 15.4% presentan deficiencias en las instalaciones locativas, transporte y almacenamiento de materiales. El 80% de los laboratorios tienen deficiencias de iluminación, pues están por debajo de los límites máximos permisibles en cuanto a iluminación se refiere. Por otro lado, al analizar lo referido en el autorreporte de salud, el 63% de los trabajadores manifestaron carga mental, problemas visuales y de la piel, y el 24% de los trabajadores tiene sobrepeso.Peer ReviewedPreprin

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS: We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-1994.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017,34.1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33.3-35.0) deaths and 121 billion (144-1.28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61.0% (59.6-62.4) of deaths and 48.3% (46.3-50.2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10.4 million (9.39-11.5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7.10 million [6.83-7.37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6.53 million [5.23-8.23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4.72 million [2.99-6.70] deaths and 148 million [98.6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1.43 million [1.36-1.51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4.9% (3.3-6.5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23.5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18.6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Accidentes con riesgo biológico en el Area V del Insalud - Madrid: Hospital Universitario La Paz y centros dependientes del servicio del prevención de este hospital (Enero 01 de 1998 - Junio 30 de 2002)

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Fecha de lectura: 17 de Junio de 200

Evaluación de los factores de riesgo quimicos de los laboratorios de química, biología, suelos, lic. biologia ambiental, agroindustria, múltiples de medicina y biomédicas de la Universidad del Quindío

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional de las condiciones de trabajo y salud de 25 técnicos de 7 laboratorios de química de la Universidad del Quindío, expuestos a riesgos químicos. Se detectó el uso de reactivos de diferente peligrosidad: corrosivos, comburentes, inflamables, explosivos, tóxicos, irritantes, nocivos, entre otras. De los 25 técnicos encuestados, el 72% (18) fueron mujeres. Se distribuyeron por grupos quinquenales dando como resultado un promedio de edad de 32 años; el más joven de 20 y el mayor de 52 años, con una desviación estándar de 9.2. Entre los veinte y treinta y seis años están situados el 72% de la población. Se pudo observar que el 31% de los trabajadores están expuestos a trabajar en espacios reducidos y de circulación, un 19% no cuentan con equipos de extinción de incendios y el 15.4% presentan deficiencias en las instalaciones locativas, transporte y almacenamiento de materiales. El 80% de los laboratorios tienen deficiencias de iluminación, pues están por debajo de los límites máximos permisibles en cuanto a iluminación se refiere. Por otro lado, al analizar lo referido en el autorreporte de salud, el 63% de los trabajadores manifestaron carga mental, problemas visuales y de la piel, y el 24% de los trabajadores tiene sobrepeso.Peer Reviewe

La geografía y la economía en sus vínculos actuales : una antología comentada del debate contemporáneo

Desde hace décadas, La Geografía y la Economía han forjado un espacio de discusión que debate sobre las intersecciones dadas entre ambas disciplinas. A raíz del surgimiento de la llamada Nueva Geografía Económica, asociada al laureado Premio Nobel de Economía, Paul Krugman, ha surgido un intenso debate acerca de los vínculos entre estas dos ramas del conocimiento y de su relevancia para las Ciencias Sociales de hoy en día. A su vez, dicho debate se ha visto enriquecido con el avance metodológico que tanto la Geografía como la Economía han experimentado en años recientes, para estudiar analítica y empíricamente diversos procesos regionales

Voces de la gestión territorial. Estrategias complementarias para la conservación de la biodiversidad en Colombia

Colombia es un país con una alta riqueza biológica y cultural, tan diverso en su territorio como en las estrategias de conservación que en él se implementan. Sin embargo, muchas de estas estrategias no se han dado a conocer lo suficiente, lo que hace difícil su articulación a los procesos de gestión y ordenamiento del territorio. Existen algunos avances en su identificación como los ejercicios que se han realizado en los sistemas regionales de áreas protegidas para recopilar la información sobre estrategias complementarias de conservación en sus jurisdicciones, la articulación que realizan organizaciones privadas para identificar las iniciativas de conservación voluntaria por parte de la sociedad civil y el trabajo realizado por comunidades campesinas, indígenas y afrodescendientes para visibilizar sus áreas de conservación. Este libro, por lo tanto, tiene como objetivo visibilizar experiencias de conservación y gestión de la biodiversidad, diferentes a las áreas protegidas, teniendo en cuenta que el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica a través de la Meta Aichi 11 introduce el concepto de otras medidas efectivas de conservación basadas en áreas (OMEC) o áreas conservadas como instrumentos para lograr sistemas de conservación más completos, representativos y efectivamente gestionados (UNEP CDB, 2010). Esperamos sea un aporte para llenar un vacío de conocimiento acerca de dichas estrategias, mostrando sus principales características, los diferentes tipos de gobernanza con los que cuentan, sus mecanismos de implementación, fortalezas y debilidades, aprendizajes y cómo estos pueden ser aplicados a la gestión de la biodiversidad en el territorio.Servicios ecosistémicosGobernanzaManejo de territoriosDeforestación de bosquesPérdida y degradaciónEcosistemasComunidades localesConservación de la biodiversida