Actividad de la guacamaya escarlata ara macao cyanoptera (PSITTACIFORMES: PSITTACIDAE) y características estructurales de su hábitat en marqués de Comillas, Chiapas

Ara macao cyanoptera is in the Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2014), however research on its habitat is scarce. Structural characteristics of tree vegetation were studied in locations used by A. macao cyanoptera for nesting (An), feeding-resting (AyD), and sleeping (Do) in the Ejido Reforma Agraria, Marqués de Comillas, Chiapas. Focal trees were identified (AF) by hikes at morning and evening with the help of community guides. These AF were the center of 17 circular sampling units (UM) measuring 1000 m2: nine UM in locations An, six UM in locations AyD, and two UM in locations Do. Structural and diversity indices were calculated: importance value (IVI), forest value (IVF), Shannon-Wiener (H´) and floristic similarity. Forty six tree species, belonging to 44 genera and 22 families, were recorded; 15 species out of the total, belonging to 15 genera and nine families, were used by A. macao cyanoptera for nesting, feeding-resting, and sleeping. This species nested on Ceiba pentandra (IVI = 45.9, IVF = 45.6), Ficus cotinifolia (IVI = 30.2, IVF = 27.5) and Vatairea lundellii (IVI = 15.5, IVF = 12.1); during the non-reproductive season, A. macao cyanoptera slept on Acacia usumacintensis (IVI = 75.3, IVF = 124) and V. lundellii (IVI = 43.4, IVF = 49.7), while fruits and seeds from Spondias mombin (IVI = 22.1, IVF = 25.7) were 80% of its food. A. macao cyanoptera was found on silvo-pastures closed to fluvial zones which hold a floristic similarity between 29 and 75% with a density of 260 trees ha-1. Tree diversity (H´ = 3.1) is a support factor on the availability of food for this threatened bird species.Ara macao cyanoptera es una especie en situación prioritaria de conservación según la lista roja de la IUCN (2014), pero las investigaciones sobre su hábitat son escasas. Por este motivo se estudiaron las características estructurales de la vegetación arbórea en los sitios que utiliza Ara macao cyanoptera para anidación (An), alimentación y descanso (AyD) y dormitorio (Do) en el Ejido Reforma Agraria, Marqués de Comillas, Chiapas. Para ello se identificaron árboles focales (AF) mediante recorridos diurnos y vespertinos con ayuda de guías comunitarios. Tomando como centro estos AF se establecieron 17 unidades de muestreo (UM) circulares de 1000 m2: nueve UM en sitios An, seis en AyD, y dos en Do. Se calcularon los índices de valor de importancia (IVI) y valor forestal (IVF), diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H´) y semejanza florística. Se registraron 46 especies arbóreas, de 44 géneros y 22 familias, de las cuales 15 especies, 15 géneros y nueve familias fueron aprovechadas por A. macao cyanoptera para sus actividades. Esta especie anida en árboles de Ceiba pentandra (IVI=45.9, IVF=45.6), Ficus cotinifolia (IVI=30.2, IVF=27.5) y Vatairea lundellii (IVI=15.5, IVF=12.1); durante la época no reproductiva el 80% de su dieta se basa en el consumo de frutos y semillas de Spondias mombin (IVI=22.1, IVF=25.7), duerme en árboles de Acacia usumacintensis (IVI=75.3, IVF=124) y V. lundellii (IVI=43.4, IVF=49.7). A. macao cyanoptera utiliza áreas silvopastoriles con semejanza florística de 29 a 75%, cercanas a zonas fluviales, con una densidad arbórea de 260 individuos ha-1. Siendo la diversidad arbórea (H´= 3.1) un factor determinante en la disponibilidad de recurso alimenticio para esta especies

ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA DE LA SELVA ALTA PERENNIFOLIA EN EL EJIDO NIÑOS HÉROES TENOSIQUE, TABASCO, MÉXICO

Floristic composition and forest structurewere described for the tall evergreentropical forest of the Ejido Niños Heroes,Tenosique, Tabasco (NHT). We selectedfour sampling units (U), each of whichwas set up in a box 50 X 50 m (2 500m2). In each U all trees with a diameterat breast height breast (DBH) ≥ 2.5 cmwere counted and measured for height.Density, frequency, and dominance weredetermined to get importance value,diversity, and similarity indices. A totalof 4 773 individuals, belonging to 112genera and 196 species, were surveyedand identified. The most abundant familieswere Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapotaceae,Moraceae, Annonaceae, and Arecaceae.Three strata were established: lower (1 to10 m), middle (11 to 20 m), and upper (21to 30 m). Rinorea guatemalensis was thespecies with the highest value importance(IVI 33.5). The sampling units showed asimilar diversity: U3 (H’) 3.9, U1 3.6, U23.4, and U4 3.3. The Sorensen SimilarityIndex stated that the units are different inspecies composition. U3 and U4 are mostsimilar to one another. The NHT forestpossesses high abundance, richness, anddiversity of species. Although it has beensubjected to strong degrading changes, it isstill in a state of conservation.Se describió la estructura y composiciónflorística de la selva alta perennifolia delejido Niños Héroes, Tenosique, Tabasco(NHT). Se establecieron cuatro unidades demuestreo (UM) de 50 x 50 m (2500 m2) cadauna, donde se censaron todos los árbolescon diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) ≥2.5 cm, y se midió su altura. Se determinósu densidad, frecuencia y dominancia paraobtener el índice de valor de importancia, elíndice de diversidad, y el índice de similitud.Se censaron un total de 4 773 individuos,pertenecientes a 112 géneros y 196 especiesdeterminadas. Las familias más abundantesfueron Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapotaceae,Moraceae, Annonaceae y Arecaceae. Sereconocieron tres estratos: inferior de 1 a 10m, medio de 11 a 20 m y superior: inferiorde 1 a 10, medio de 11 a 20 y superior de21 a 30 m. Rinorea guatemalensis fue laespecie con mayor valor de importancia(IVI: 33.5). Las unidades de muestreopresentaron una diversidad muy similar:La UM3 (H´) 3.9, la UM1 3.6, la UM43.4 y la UM2 3.3. La semejanza florística(Sorensen) alcanzó sus mayores valoresentre las UM3 y UM4 (54%) y los menoresentre las UM1 y UM2 (40%). La selvade NHT posee alta abundancia, riquezay diversidad de especies. A pesar que laselva ha sido sometida a fuertes cambiosde degradación, todavía se encuentra en unestado de conservación

Densidad poblacional y uso del hábitat de la codorniz Moctezuma (Cyrtonyx montezumae) en Hualtepec, Hidalgo

El presente estudio se realizó para determinar la densidad poblacional y el uso del hábitat de la codorniz Moctezuma (Cyrtonyx montezumae) en Hualtepec, Hidalgo, México, en tres tipos de vegetación: bosque, pastizal y zona de transición (ecotono). Dicho sitio se localiza en el extremo oeste de Hidalgo, con área de muestreo de 5 715 ha. Se realizó un muestreo en 55 unidades, para evaluar el uso del hábitat por medio de indicios (excretas, rascaderos, plumas y nidos), y densidad de población, con transectos convencionales (6 km de longitud por 50 m de ancho), con el apoyo de perros de muestra. En cada sitio se registraron los indicios y se contaron las codornices observadas. La densidad (codornices/ha) varió de 0.1341 a 0.2318. No se encontraron diferencias en la densidad de codornices en los diferentes tipos de vegetación (bosque, 0.1765; pastizal, 0.2318; ecotono, 0.1341); sin embargo, el hábitat más usado fue el ecotono, seguido por el pastizal y el bosque. Los rascaderos y bulbos de Oxalis disponibles fueron más altos (P < 0.05) en el pastizal. El número de individuos, plumas, excretas (P < 0.10) y de nidos y rascaderos fueron mayores (P < 0.05) en el pastizal. Este estudio constituye la primera estimación de densidad poblacional de la codorniz Moctezuma en Hidalgo, México

Structure and tree diversity of secondary dry tropical forests in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos

"Se estudió la recuperación en riqueza, composición, estructura y diversidad arbórea en 3 condiciones de bosque tropical caducifolio secundario con diferente tiempo de abandono (C35, C45 y C65 años) en el sureste del estado de Morelos. En cada condición se establecieron 3 unidades de muestreo de 50 × 50 m (2,500 m2) y se midieron a todos los individuos ≥ 2.5 cm de diámetro normal (DN). En total se registraron 2,791 individuos, pertenecientes a 79 especies, 53 géneros y 30 familias. Fabaceae fue la familia con el mayor número de especies e individuos. C45 presentó la mayor riqueza de especies (57), seguida de C35 (48) y C65 (43). Las condiciones fueron diferentes (p < 0.0001) en área basal, altura total, DN y cobertura de copa. Las especies con mayores índices relativos de valor de importancia (IVIR) y de valor forestal (IVFR) fueron Pachycereus grandis (IVIR = 22.6, IVFR = 28.7), Amphipterygium adstringens (IVIR = 20.9, IVFR = 17.0), Lysiloma divaricatum (IVIR = 11.2, IVFR = 18.9) y Quercus glaucoides (IVIR = 10.5, IVFR = 13.1). Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas (p < 0.001) entre condiciones de abandono para la heterogeneidad (Shannon-Wiener: H´), y valores significativamente (p < 0.05) mayores en C65 para el recíproco de Simpson (1/D), así como en C35 y C45 para los índices de Margalef (DMG) y α de Fisher (S). La semejanza florística (Sorensen: Is) fue máxima entre condiciones con menor tiempo de abandono (72%) y mínima con la condición de mayor tiempo (54%). El procedimiento de permutación de respuesta múltiple indicó diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) en la composición de especies entre condiciones tempranas (C35 y C45) y tardías (C65). Estos resultados explican el proceso de la sucesión secundaria en los bosques tropicales caducifolios del área de estudio y dan elementos para efectuar una mejor planificación de las actividades conducentes a su conservación.""The recovery in richness, composition, structure and tree diversity was studied in three conditions of secondary tropical deciduous forest with different time of abandonment (C35, C45 and C65 years) in the southeast of the state of Morelos. In each condition, three plots of 50 × 50 m (2,500 m2) were established and all individuals ≥ 2.5 cm of normal diameter (ND) were measured. In total, 2,791 individuals belonging to 79 species, 53 genera and 30 families were registered. Fabaceae was the family with the largest number of species and individuals. C45 had the highest species richness (57), followed by C35 (48) and C65 (43). The conditions were different (p < 0.0001) in basal area, total height, ND and crown coverage. The species with the highest relative value of importance (IVIR) and forest value (IVFR) were Pachycereus grandis (IVIR = 22.6, IVFR = 28.7), Amphipterygium adstringens (IVIR = 20.9, IVFR = 17.0), Lysiloma divaricatum (IVIR =11.2, IVFR = 18.9) and Quercus glaucoides (IVIR = 10.5, IVFR = 13.1). High significant differences (p < 0.001) between abandonment conditions were found for heterogeneity (Shannon-Wiener: H’), and highest significant values (p < 0.05) for Simpson reciprocal index (1/D) in C65, as well as to Margalef (DMG) and Fisher’s α (S) indexes in C35 and C45. The floristic similarity (Sorensen: Is) was highest among conditions with less time of abandonment (72%) and minimum with the condition of greater time (54%). The multiple response permutation procedure indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in the species composition between early (C35 and C45) and late (C65) conditions. These results explain the process of secondary succession in the tropical deciduous forests of the study area and provide elements for improve planning of the activities leading to its conservation.

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe