Type studies and fourteen new North American species of Cortinarius section Anomali reveal high continental species diversity

Section is a species-rich group in North America belonging to , the most diverse genus in the Agaricales. This study is based on extensive morphological investigations and molecular methods using 191 nrDNA ITS sequence data and recovered 43 phylogenetic species from which 14 are described here as new to science. We sequenced ten type materials which belonged to eight species. The synonymy of with and with is proposed here. The North American occurrence of four species ( , , , and ), so far known only from Europe, was confirmed. Thirteen species were not formally described here due to lack of relevant information. An identification key to the known species in North America is provided

Tracking the evolutionary history of Cortinarius species in section Calochroi, with transoceanic disjunct distributions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Cortinarius </it>species in section <it>Calochroi </it>display local, clinal and circumboreal patterns of distribution across the Northern Hemisphere where these ectomycorrhizal fungi occur with host trees throughout their geographical range within a continent, or have disjunct intercontinental distributions, the origins of which are not understood. We inferred evolutionary histories of four species, 1) <it>C</it>. <it>arcuatorum</it>, 2) <it>C. aureofulvus</it>, 3) <it>C</it>. <it>elegantior </it>and 4) <it>C. napus</it>, from populations distributed throughout the Old World, and portions of the New World (Central- and North America) based on genetic variation of 154 haplotype internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from 83 population samples. By describing the population structure of these species across their geographical distribution, we attempt to identify their historical migration and patterns of diversification.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Models of population structure from nested clade, demographic and coalescent-based analyses revealed genetically differentiated and geographically structured haplotypes in <it>C</it>. <it>arcuatorum </it>and <it>C</it>. <it>elegantior</it>, while <it>C</it>. <it>aureofulvus </it>showed considerably less population structure and <it>C. napus </it>lacked sufficient genetic differentiation to resolve any population structure. Disjunct populations within <it>C</it>. <it>arcuatorum, C. aureofulvus </it>and <it>C</it>. <it>elegantior </it>show little or no morphological differentiation, whereas in <it>C. napus </it>there is a high level of homoplasy and phenotypic plasticity for veil and lamellae colour. The ITS sequences of the type specimens of <it>C. albobrunnoides </it>and <it>C. albobrunnoides </it>var. <it>violaceovelatus </it>were identical to one another and are treated as one species with a wider range of geographic distribution under <it>C. napus</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that each of the <it>Calochroi </it>species has undergone a relatively independent evolutionary history, hypothesised as follows: 1) a widely distributed ancestral population of <it>C</it>. <it>arcuatorum </it>diverged into distinctive sympatric populations in the New World; 2) two divergent lineages in <it>C</it>. <it>elegantior </it>gave rise to the New World and Old World haplotypes, respectively; and 3) the low levels of genetic divergence within <it>C</it>. <it>aureofulvus </it>and <it>C</it>. <it>napus </it>may be the result of more recent demographic population expansions. The scenario of migration via the Bering Land Bridge provides the most probable explanation for contemporaneous disjunct geographic distributions of these species, but it does not offer an explanation for the low degree of genetic divergence between populations of <it>C. aureofulvus </it>and <it>C. napus</it>. Our findings are mostly consistent with the designation of New World allopatric populations as separate species from the European counterpart species <it>C. arcuatorum </it>and <it>C. elegantior</it>. We propose the synonymy of <it>C. albobrunnoides</it>, <it>C. albobrunnoides </it>var. <it>violaceovelatus </it>and <it>C. subpurpureophyllus </it>var. <it>sulphureovelatus </it>with <it>C. napus</it>. The results also reinforce previous observations that linked <it>C. arcuatorum </it>and <it>C. aureofulvus </it>displaying distributions in parts of North America and Europe. Interpretations of the population structure of these fungi suggest that host tree history has heavily influenced their modern distributions; however, the complex issues related to co-migration of these fungi with their tree hosts remain unclear at this time.</p

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase&nbsp;1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age&nbsp; 6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score&nbsp; 652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc&nbsp;= 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N&nbsp;= 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in&nbsp;Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in&nbsp;Asia&nbsp;and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role

Lepiota oregonensis

Fung

A new species of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from western North America

Although Lactarius sect. Deliciosi (Fr.) Redeuilh, Verbeken & Walleyn (syn. Lactarius sect. Dapetes) is a readily identifiable group in the field, it is exceedingly difficult to correctly identify species with orange to reddish orange latex. A lack of careful study of these species in North America in general, and the Pacific Northwest more specifically, makes species identification often impossible. One common undescribed Pacific Northwest species, which begins fruiting rather early in the season, is described here as Lactarius aestivus sp. nov. It is found in conifer forests dominated by Abies Mill. and Tsuga Carriere, and is characterized by bright orange latex and zonate, bright to pale orange pileus that only rarely stains greenish. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences supports the species delimitation

Mission impossible completed: unlocking the nomenclature of the largest and most complicated subgenus of Cortinarius, Telamonia

So far approximately 144,000 species of fungi have been named but sequences of the majority of them do not exist in the public databases. Therefore, the quality and coverage of public barcode databases is a bottleneck that hinders the study of fungi. Cortinarius is the largest genus of Agaricales with thousands of species world-wide. The most diverse subgenus in Cortinarius is Telamonia and its species have been considered one of the most taxonomically challenging in the Agaricales. Its high diversity combined with convergent, similar appearing taxa have earned it a reputation of being an impossible group to study. In this study a total of 746 specimens, including 482 type specimens representing 184 species were sequenced. Also, a significant number of old types were successfully sequenced, 105 type specimens were over 50 years old and 18 type specimens over 100 years old. Altogether, 20 epi- or neotypes are proposed for recently commonly used older names. Our study doubles the number of reliable DNA-barcodes of species of C. subgenus Telamonia in the public sequence databases. This is also the first extensive phylogenetic study of the subgenus. A majority of the sections and species are shown in a phylogenetic context for the first time. Our study shows that nomenclatural problems, even in difficult groups like C. subgenus Telamonia, can be solved and consequently identification of species based on ITS barcodes becomes an easy task even for non-experts of the genus.Peer reviewe