EFEKTIVITAS PEMBINAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TIM SELEKSI PESERTA DIKLAT DALAM MENUNJANG KEBERHASILAN PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN PNS DI KANTOR PENDIDIKAN PEGAWAI DEPPEN (PPD.PEN.) DAERAH BANDUNG

Menghadapi tuntutan pembangunan di masa depan yang berat dan komplek membutuhkan Aparatur Pemerintah yang unggul, menguasai iptek, kreatif, adaptif, inovatif dan berkepribadian. Sebagai insan yang dipercaya oleh rakyat untuk memimpin, melaksanakan, dan mengevaluasi proses pembangunan, Aparatur Pemerintah selayaknya membenahi diri dengan melakukan introspeksi dan reformasi berbagai sikap negatif. Aparat harus jujur melihat kenyataan yang sedang terjadi, terutama ketika melaksanakan tugas-tugas rutin yang penuh dengan rekayasa dari pihak-pihak tertentu yang kadangkala bertentangan dengan kebijakan atasan. Untuk menciptakan kesadaran akan tugas dan tanggung jawab serta mewujudkan rasa kebersamaan dalam memahami, melaksanakan suatu kebijakan diperlukan pendekatan yang berorientasi pada program pendidikan dar pelatihan. Artinya perlu beberapa modifikasi dalam kurikulum program pendidikan dan pelatihan guna mempersiapkan Aparatur yang adaptif melalui Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Aparatur Pemerintah disingkat Diklat Aparatur. Berdasarkan sasaran Diklat PNS menurut PP No. 14/1994 diketahui tujuan utama antara lain (1) meningkatkan kesetiaan dan ketaatan Pegawai Negeri Sipil kepada Pancasila, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Negara dan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, (2) menanamkan kesamaan pola pikir yang dinamis dan bernalar agar memiliki wawasan yang komprehensif untuk melaksanakan tugas umum pemerintahan dan pembangunan, (3) memantapkan semangat pengabdian yang berorientasi pada pelayanan, pengayoman, dan pengembangan partisipasi masyarakat, (4) meningkatkan pengetahuan, keahlian dan atau keterampilan serta pembentukan sedini mungkin kepribadian Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Demikian urgennya pendidikan dan latihan dalam sistem pengembangan karier dan jabatan Aparatur Pemerintah, Departemen Penerangan sebagai organisasi pemerintah yang mempunyai fungsi melaksanakan tugas-tugas komunikasi pembangunan dan sosial untuk menumbuhkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembangunan yang bernuansa kerakyatan, juga melaksanakan Diklat sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku. Di Jawa Barat dilaksanakan oleh Pusat Pendidikan Pegawai Deppen (PPD Pen) Daerah Bandung. Berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Penerangan RI Nomor 98/B/KEP/Menpen/ 1979, tentang Struktur Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Pendidikan Pegawai Deppen (PPD Pen) Daerah Bandung, akan tetapi ditemui gejala penyimpangan seperti seleksi yang dilakukan masih diwarnai sikap arogan, tidak jujur dan belum terbuka, sehinga prinsip "like and dislike" berkembang menjadi pola dan lain sebagainya. Dari kenyataan ini peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian dengan permasalahan yang diajukan yaitu bagaimana Efektivitas Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Tim Seleksi Peserta Diklat dalam menunjang keberhasilan penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Pegau d Negeri Sipil di Kantor Pendidikan Pegawai Departemen Penerangan (PPD. Pen) Daerah Bandung?. Problematik mengetengahkan pertanyaan pokok antara lain tentang proses perekrutan Tim Seleksi, manajemen pembinaan dan pengembangan Tim Seleksi, kualitas kinerja Tim Seleksi serta pengaruhnya terhadap penyelenggaraan Diklat secara keseluruhan. Dalam praktek operasional pembinaan dan pengembangan Tim Seleksi yang dianalisis dengan membanding teori-teori yang relevan, serta pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif maka secara umum pembinaan dan pengembangan kualitas kinerja Tim Seleksi peserta Diklat pada Diklat PPD Pen. Daerah Bandung Propinsi Jawa Barat belum efektif. Sekalipun masih banyak nilai-nilai unggul yang dijadikan sebagai upaya peningkatan kelak. Oleh karena itu direkomendasikan kepada pihak-pihak terkait agar hasil penelitian bermanfaat bila dijadikan salah satu sumber aspiratif untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi dalam tubuh Tim Seleksi Peserta Diklat. Selanjutnya dapat juga dijadikan dasar dalam penelitian komparatif dan eksploratif di masa yang akan datang

Seasonal prevalence of malaria in West Sumba district, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Accurate information about the burden of malaria infection at the district or provincial level is required both to plan and assess local malaria control efforts. Although many studies of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and drug resistance have been conducted at many sites in Indonesia, there is little published literature describing malaria prevalence at the district, provincial, or national level.\ud METHODS: Two stage cluster sampling malaria prevalence surveys were conducted in the wet season and dry season across West Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.\ud RESULTS: Eight thousand eight hundred seventy samples were collected from 45 sub-villages in the surveys. The overall prevalence of malaria infection in the West Sumba District was 6.83% (95% CI, 4.40, 9.26) in the wet season and 4.95% (95% CI, 3.01, 6.90) in the dry. In the wet season Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 70% of infections; in the dry season P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were present in equal proportion. Malaria prevalence varied substantially across the district; prevalences in individual sub-villages ranged from 0-34%. The greatest malaria prevalence was in children and teenagers; the geometric mean parasitaemia in infected individuals decreased with age. Malaria infection was clearly associated with decreased haemoglobin concentration in children under 10 years of age, but it is not clear whether this association is causal.\ud CONCLUSION: Malaria is hypoendemic to mesoendemic in West Sumba, Indonesia. The age distribution of parasitaemia suggests that transmission has been stable enough to induce some clinical immunity. These prevalence data will aid the design of future malaria control efforts and will serve as a baseline against which the results of current and future control efforts can be assessed

Seasonal distribution of anti-malarial drug resistance alleles on the island of Sumba, Indonesia

Background: Drug resistant malaria poses an increasing public health problem in Indonesia, especially eastern Indonesia, where malaria is highly endemic. Widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance and increasing sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance prompted Indonesia to adopt artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line therapy in 2004. To help develop a suitable malaria control programme in the district of West Sumba, the seasonal distribution of alleles known to be\ud associated with resistance to CQ and SP among\ud Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the region was investigated.\ud Methods: Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected during malariometric surveys in the wet and dry seasons in 2007 using two-stage cluster sampling. Analysis of pfcrt, pfmdr, pfmdr1 gene copy number, dhfr, and dhps genes were done using protocols described previously.\ud Results and Discussion: The 76T allele of the pfcrt gene is nearing fixation in this population. Pfmdr1 mutant alleles occurred in 72.8% and 53.3%, predominantly as 1042D and 86Y alleles that are mutuallyexclusive. The prevalence of amplified\ud pfmdr1 was found 41.9% and 42.8% of isolates in the wet and dryseasons, respectively. The frequency of dhfr mutant alleles was much lower, either as a single 108N mutation or paired with 59R. The 437G allele was the only mutant dhps allele detected and it was only found during dry season.\ud Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a slighly higher distribution of drug-resistant alleles during the wet season and support the policy of replacing CQ with ACT in this area, but suggest that SP might still be effective either alone or in combination with other anti-malarial

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030

Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10-24 years, 1950-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10-24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10-24 years by age group (10-14 years, 15-19 years, and 20-24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10-24 years with that in children aged 0-9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10-24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings In 2019 there were 1.49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1.39-1.59) worldwide in people aged 10-24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32.7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32.1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27.0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8.2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30.0% in females and 15.3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10-14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15-19 years was 1.3% in males and 1.6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1-4 years (2.4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1-4 years (2.5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0-24 years that occurred in people aged 10-24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9.5% to 21.6%. Interpretation Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10-24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Physics-based simulation of carrier velocity in 2-dimensional p-type MOSFET

The carrier velocity for 2-dimensional (2-D) p-type nanostructure was simulated in this paper. According to the energy band diagram, the effective mass (m*) in the p-type silicon is mostly dominated by heavy hole because of the large gap between heavy hole and light hole in k = 0. The carrier concentration calculation for 2-D, based on the Fermi - Dirac statistic on the order of zero (0 ), was applied to obtain the intrinsic velocity of carrier, in the term of thermal velocity vth. The results for 2-D carrier velocity were modeled and simulated, and the comparison for degenerate and non-degenerate regime is presented for various temperature and concentration. It is revealed that the velocity is strongly dependent on concentration and becomes independent of temperature at high concentration