MARKETING STRATEGIJE TRGOVAČKIH PREDUZEĆA U BIH

Ovaj rad ima za cilj da istraži primjenu savremenih formi marketinškihstrategija u poslovanju trgovačkih preduzeća u Bosni i Hercegovini. Promjeneveličine i strukture trgovačkih preduzeća prouzrokovale su restruktuiranjeupravljanja istim, te inicirale razvoj i implementaciju savremenih formimarketinških strategija u trgovačkim preduzećima u Bosni i Hercegovini.Istraživanja sprovedena sa ciljem saznanja o primjeni savremenih formimarketinških strategija u poslovanju trgovačkih preduzeća u Bosni iHercegovini pokazala su da trgovačka preduzeća u našoj zemlji primjenjujerazličite varijante savremenih formi marketinških strategija poslovanja.Rezultati navedenih istraživanja također su pokazali da, u cilju građenjakonkurentske prednosti, uspješna trgovačka preduzeća u Bosni i Hercegoviniprihvaćaju ciljni marketing u kojem razlikuju glavne tržišne segmente, odabirućijedan ili više tih segmenata i razvijajući ponudu i programe marketing miksaprilagođene svakom segmentu posebno.I dok strategijom segmentacije trgovci rješavaju problem približavanja ciljnimkupcima, dotle strategijom diferenciranja trgovačka preduzeća općenito, pa iona u Bosni i Hercegovini pokušavaju da razrješe odnos sa sve oštrijom inemilosrdnijom konkurencijom.Istraživanja su pokazala da domaća trgovačka preduzeća na tržištu Bosne iHercegovine prevashodno razvijaju strategiju diferenciranja, dok inostranitrgovački lanci u BiH sa već izgrađenom reginonalnom reputacijom, svojukonkurentsku prednost grade na osnovu strategije pozicioniranja

PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP KUALITAS PEKTIN DARI LIMBAH KULIT PEPAYA

Pektin adalah senyawa polisakarida kompleks yang terdapat dalam dinding sel tumbuhan dan dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai jenis tanaman pangan. Pektin banyak digunakan dalam industri makanan, farmasi dan kosmetik sebagai bahan perekat, pengental dan penstabil agar tidak terbentuk endapan. Salah satu tanaman yang memiliki kandungan pektin adalah buah pepaya, pektin terkandung dalam seluruh bagian tanaman pepaya, oleh karena itu peneliti memanfaatkan limbah kulit pepaya yang sudah tidak dimanfaatkan lagi sebagai bahan baku pembuatan pektin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh suhu dan waktu ekstraksi terhadap pektin yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya tetapi dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi pelarut asam sitrat. Sedangkan pada penelitian ini menggunakan pelarut asam klorida dengan variasi suhu dan waktu ekstraksi.  Variabel bebas yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu suhu 70◦C, 80◦C dan 90◦C dengan waktu 60 menit, 75 menit, 90 menit, 105 menit dan 120 menit. Sedangkan variabel terikat yang digunakan yaitu rendemen, uji kadar air, berat ekivalen, kadar metoksil dan pembuatan permen jeli. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rendemen pektin tertinggi 14,17%, kadar air terendah 4,48%, berat ekivalen terendah 510,20 mg dan kadar metoksil tertinggi 6,63% pada suhu 90oC dengan waktu 120 menit. Pektin yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini sudah memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia berdasarkan nilai kadar air dan kadar metoksil

Conceptual design alternatives for new in-flight food delivery and waste collection system in commercial transport aircraft

The in-flight service has been acknowledged as one of the main criteria that are highly considered by flying passengers for their preference and loyalty to an airline, especially in-flight meal services. Although the quality of served foods and beverages is substantially improved over the years, the applied process of food delivery and waste collection inside the cabin has essentially remained similar as it was decades ago. This study presents the generation of alternative conceptual designs for new improved in-flight food delivery and waste collection system through systematic engineering design methodology. The design requirements analysis is conducted with the help of Quality Function Deployment method while the morphological matrix method is applied in deriving the conceptual alternative designs. All in all, five alternative design concepts of the in-flight food delivery and waste collection system have been developed in this study for future evaluation to select the best among them

Public survey on new in-flight food delivery and waste collection system

The market competition in commercial air transportation industry today is very intense and many airlines are forced to search for new ways to attract potential passengers to their offered flight services. A few studies have shown that service quality is one of the key factors that influence passengers' loyalty to an airline. This includes particularly the in-flight services, which are the main opportunities for airlines to make good impression to their passengers with regards to their overall service. The in-flight food delivery and waste collection process is the primary interest of this study. It is believed that the current manual process of delivering food to passengers and collecting waste afterwards can be significantly improved by automating the process. A public survey is conducted at two major international airports in Malaysia to obtain feedback from the passengers regarding the current and proposed automated food delivery and waste collection processes. Overall, it can be taken that the public has responded positively to the idea. In addition, some characteristics of the proposed process are also established from the survey results, which can be applied when designing and developing the new system

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Mutations in LAMA1 Cause Cerebellar Dysplasia and Cysts with and without Retinal Dystrophy

Cerebellar dysplasia with cysts (CDC) is an imaging finding typically seen in combination with cobblestone cortex and congenital muscular dystrophy in individuals with dystroglycanopathies. More recently, CDC was reported in seven children without neuromuscular involvement (Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome). Using a combination of homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified biallelic mutations in LAMA1 as the cause of CDC in seven affected individuals (from five families) independent from those included in the phenotypic description of Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome. Most of these individuals also have high myopia, and some have retinal dystrophy and patchy increased T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2/FLAIR) signal in cortical white matter. In one additional family, we identified two siblings who have truncating LAMA1 mutations in combination with retinal dystrophy and mild cerebellar dysplasia without cysts, indicating that cysts are not an obligate feature associated with loss of LAMA1 function. This work expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with the lamininopathy disorders and highlights the tissue-specific roles played by different laminin-encoding genes

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Artikelklassificering och lagerstyrning av vård- och omsorgsartiklar för ökad styrning på Linköpings kommun

Linköpings kommun erbjuder hälso- och sjukvårdsinsatser för brukare i alla åldrar genom olika typer av vårdenheter. Det finns verksamheter inom äldreomsorg och LSS som tillsammans skapar olika former av stöd. För att kommunen ska kunna erbjuda dessa typer av tjänster krävs ett fungerande materialflöde av vård- och omsorgsartiklar. Vård- och omsorgsartiklar innefattas av både förbrukningsmaterial och skyddsmaterial. Förbrukningsmaterial består bland annat av omläggningsmaterial och inkontinensskydd, medan skyddsmaterial består av exempelvis handdesinfektion och munskydd. I samband med Covid-19 pandemin uppstod brist på skyddsmaterial och problem i materialförsörjningen. Vidare så finns det finns i dagsläget inget system för att styra eller kontrollera materialflödet av vård- och omsorgsartiklar, inköpen på vårdenheterna planeras på olika sätt vid varje inköpstillfälle. Kommunen är därför intresserad av hur en kategorisering av vård- och omsorgsartiklar kan se ut, där en differentierad lagerstyrning skapas för varje kategori och på så sätt ökas styrningen av vård- och omsorgssortimentet. Studiens syfte är att, utifrån en artikelklassificering, föreslå en differentierad lagerstyrning för varje artikelklass och därmed säkerställa ett fungerande materialflöde av vård- och omsorgsartiklar på Linköpings kommun. För att uppfylla syftet har fyra huvudfrågor ställts upp: Vilka utgångspunkter kan artikelklassificeringen och lagerstyrningen baseras på? Hur ska artiklarna klassificeras för att möjliggöra för styrning av materialflödet? Hur ska lagerstyrningen för de framtagna artikelklasserna utformas för att uppfylla behovet av vård- och omsorgsartiklar? Vilka effekter kan den framtagna lagerstyrningen leda till? För att uppfylla syftet och besvara huvudfrågorna har metoder så som intervjuer, litteraturstudier och datainsamling tillämpats. Genom dessa metoder har information kring lämpliga utvärderingskriterier hämtas som sedan möjliggjort för en artikelklassificering som baserats på volymvärde och uttagsfrekvens. Artikelklassificeringen resulterade för Äldreomsorgen och LSS Funktionsstöd i fem artikelklasser som den differentierade lagerstyrningen baserades på. Resultaten gav att A-artiklar och skyddsmaterial ska styras med lagerstyrningsmetoden periodbeställningssystem med återfyllnadsnivå och resterande artikelklasser ska styras med lot-for-lot. De artiklar med hög uttagsfrekvens bör ha säkerhetslager, såväl som A-artiklarna och skyddsmaterialet. Den framtagna lagerstyrningen kommer att påverka styrningen på vårdenheterna, eftersom den kräver uppföljning av efterfrågan i föregående period såväl som inventering av lager. På sikt antas lagerstyrningen dessutom påverka kostnader av transport, lager och administration, då samtliga påverkas av nya arbetssätt.Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p

Design selection for new In-Flight food delivery and waste collection system of commercial passenger transport aircraft using TOPSIS

One of the important airline services that can influence the passengers’ loyalty is the in-flight meal service. In this study, the conceptual design process of new in-flight food delivery and waste collection system is carried out using the standard engineering design method to improve the current system. A critical step in this process is the design concept evaluation and selection where the best alternative design concept solution is chosen for further development. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is applied to facilitate the selection process of the best design concept for the new improved in-flight food delivery and waste collection system. The design evaluation criteria for the TOPSIS assessment procedures are taken from previous work done on design requirements analysis for the new in-flight food delivery and waste collection system. Similarly, five alternative design concepts for the new system are taken from the results of the previous research work done. Furthermore, an online public survey is conducted to acquire the assessment rating of all alternative design concepts for each design evaluation criterion. The assessment rating is assigned using a simple Likert rating scale. From the resultant TOPSIS ranking, Concept 3 has emerged as the best design concept with a closeness rating of 0.9589, which is very close to 1. For future research work, this selected final design concept for the new in-flight food delivery and waste collection system will be forwarded to the next engineering design stage for further development