265 research outputs found
Gender equality in the family and childbearing
This study focuses on the possible effect of gender equality and equity in the family on the transition to first, second and third births. The analysis includes the division of housework and childcare as well as the perception of whether this division is fair and just. We use a unique dataset combining data from the Norwegian GGS (2007) with information from population register on subsequent childbirths. Results indicate a varying effect of gender equality in the family on childbearing. An unequal division of housework has a negative effect on first and subsequent births. Couples were men contribute more to housework than women, have lower likelihood of first and second births compared to couples with a more typical division where women do more but men contribute substantially. In the same way, couples where the woman does almost all housework has lower likelihood of a third birth. Even though the division of childcare has no substantial impact on continued childbearing, the perception of this division is relevant for parents with one child. Couples in which the respondent perceives the division of childcare as less equitable are less likely to get a second child.Research Council of Norway (project no. 202442/S20), (grant no. 195403) NOVApublishedVersio
The revitalised Fonofale as a research paradigm: A perspective on Pacific sexuality and reproduction research
Research into Pacific peoplesâ sexuality and reproduction is often complex and conflicts with social tapu. Historically, Pacific sexuality and reproduction research had been approached using a deficits-based lens with minimal congruence of Pacific cultural values. We offer a revitalised Fonofale model (Pulotu-Endemann, 1995) as a research paradigm that centres tapu in all considerations and decisions surrounding the research. This revitalised model offers a strengths-based approach that can promote valuable collection of, and meaningful engagement with data. We offer a case study which utilised this research paradigm as an overarching strategy. Te TÄ«pani Project was a mixed methods investigation into eighty-two Pacific tertiary studentsâ understandings of sexuality and reproduction. Pacific research methods and methodologies, including the Kakala model and Talanoa method supported the integration of the paradigm into components of the study. We encourage researchers to utilise this strategy to fulfil their research obligations, as facilitators and guardians (mana tiaki) of the research environment. Pacific research methods, methodologies and epistemologies hold an important place in the field of sensitive Pacific well-being research by enabling cultural consideration and responsiveness
Counseling Multiple-Heritage Couples
Multiple-heritage couples are one of the fastest growing client populations in the United States. These partnerships are defined by intersecting ethnic, racial, linguistic, and religious differences. They are challenged by societal perceptions, stereotypes, and other pressures associated with being in a multiple-heritage pairing. This article discusses strengths in the multiple-heritage union brought about by the understanding of diverse viewpoints. Finally, the article identifies specific strategies, such as couples relationship education, to resolve and confront inherent differences. Las parejas multiculturales son uno de los grupos demograficos de clientes de mayor crecimiento en los Estados Unidos. Este tipo de parejas se define por la interseccion de diferencias etnicas, raciales, linguisticas y religiosas. Sus miembros enfrentan desafios a causa de las percepciones sociales, los esterotipos y otras presiones asociadas con tener una pareja multicultural. Este articulo discute los puntos fuertes en una union multicultural, facilitados por la comprension de puntos de vista diversos. Finalmente, el articulo identifica estrategias especificas, como por ejemplo la educacion en relaciones de pareja, para resolver y afrontar las diferencias intrinsecas
A fresh look at the evolution and diversification of photochemical reaction centers
In this review, I reexamine the origin and diversification of photochemical reaction centers based on the known phylogenetic relations of the core subunits, and with the aid of sequence and structural alignments. I show, for example, that the protein folds at the C-terminus of the D1 and D2 subunits of Photosystem II, which are essential for the coordination of the water-oxidizing complex, were already in place in the most ancestral Type II reaction center subunit. I then evaluate the evolution of reaction centers in the context of the rise and expansion of the different groups of bacteria based on recent large-scale phylogenetic analyses. I find that the Heliobacteriaceae family of Firmicutes appears to be the earliest branching of the known groups of phototrophic bacteria; however, the origin of photochemical reaction centers and chlorophyll synthesis cannot be placed in this group. Moreover, it becomes evident that the Acidobacteria and the Proteobacteria shared a more recent common phototrophic ancestor, and this is also likely for the Chloroflexi and the Cyanobacteria. Finally, I argue that the discrepancies among the phylogenies of the reaction center proteins, chlorophyll synthesis enzymes, and the species tree of bacteria are best explained if both types of photochemical reaction centers evolved before the diversification of the known phyla of phototrophic bacteria. The primordial phototrophic ancestor must have had both Type I and Type II reaction centers
Pigment production and isotopic fractionations in continuous culture: okenone producing purple sulfur bacteria Part II
ATP synthase: evolution, energetics, and membrane interactions
The synthesis of ATP, life's 'universal energy currency', is the most
prevalent chemical reaction in biological systems, and is responsible for
fueling nearly all cellular processes, from nerve impulse propagation to DNA
synthesis. ATP synthases, the family of enzymes that carry out this endless
task, are nearly as ubiquitous as the energy-laden molecule they are
responsible for making. The F-type ATP synthase (F-ATPase) is found in every
domain of life, and is believed to predate the divergence of these lineages
over 1.5 billion years ago. These enzymes have therefore facilitated the
survival of organisms in a wide range of habitats, ranging from the deep-sea
thermal vents to the human intestine. In this review, we present an overview of
the current knowledge of the structure and function of F-type ATPases,
highlighting several adaptations that have been characterized across taxa. We
emphasize the importance of studying these features within the context of the
enzyme's particular lipid environment: Just as the interactions between an
organism and its physical environment shape its evolutionary trajectory,
ATPases are impacted by the membranes within which they reside. We argue that a
comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and evolution of
membrane proteins -- including ATP synthase -- requires such an integrative
approach.Comment: Review article; 29 pages, 6 figures/1 tabl
Earth: Atmospheric Evolution of a Habitable Planet
Our present-day atmosphere is often used as an analog for potentially
habitable exoplanets, but Earth's atmosphere has changed dramatically
throughout its 4.5 billion year history. For example, molecular oxygen is
abundant in the atmosphere today but was absent on the early Earth. Meanwhile,
the physical and chemical evolution of Earth's atmosphere has also resulted in
major swings in surface temperature, at times resulting in extreme glaciation
or warm greenhouse climates. Despite this dynamic and occasionally dramatic
history, the Earth has been persistently habitable--and, in fact,
inhabited--for roughly 4 billion years. Understanding Earth's momentous changes
and its enduring habitability is essential as a guide to the diversity of
habitable planetary environments that may exist beyond our solar system and for
ultimately recognizing spectroscopic fingerprints of life elsewhere in the
Universe. Here, we review long-term trends in the composition of Earth's
atmosphere as it relates to both planetary habitability and inhabitation. We
focus on gases that may serve as habitability markers (CO2, N2) or
biosignatures (CH4, O2), especially as related to the redox evolution of the
atmosphere and the coupled evolution of Earth's climate system. We emphasize
that in the search for Earth-like planets we must be mindful that the example
provided by the modern atmosphere merely represents a single snapshot of
Earth's long-term evolution. In exploring the many former states of our own
planet, we emphasize Earth's atmospheric evolution during the Archean,
Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic eons, but we conclude with a brief discussion of
potential atmospheric trajectories into the distant future, many millions to
billions of years from now. All of these 'Alternative Earth' scenarios provide
insight to the potential diversity of Earth-like, habitable, and inhabited
worlds.Comment: 34 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables. Review chapter to appear in Handbook
of Exoplanet
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