Examining Text Sediments-Commending a Pioneer Historian as an "African Herodotus”: On the Making of the New Annotated Edition of C.C. Reindorf's History of the Gold Coast and Asante

In 1995 Paul Jenkins, the former Basel Mission archivist, called my attention to Carl Christian Reindorf's Ga manuscripts kept at the archives in Basel, knowing that I had lived and worked in Ghana in the 1980s and that I was able to speak, read, and write the Gã language of Accra and its neigborhood. Of course I already knew Reindorf and his monumental History of the Gold Coast and Asante published in 1895 in English, as I had written my M.A. thesis on late-nineteenth-century Asante history, and moreover I was very much interested in Gã history. Reindorf's massive, substantive, and systematic work about the people of modern southern Ghana may be considered a pioneering intellectual achievement because it was one of the first large-scale historical work about an African region written by an African, and it was highly innovative, including both written sources and oral historical narratives and new methods for the reconstruction of African history. The book has excited interest ever since it first appeared 110 years ago because it contains an unrivaled wealth of information on the history and culture of southern Ghana. A preliminary glimpse at the two heaps of folios wrapped with linen ropes at the archives showed that the manuscripts-none of them were dated-contained two different versions of the English History. That day, when I first laid my hands on the brownish, carefully folded papers, I was not aware that I was to embark on an intensive period of arduous transcribing and translating work (sometimes "lost in translation”), breathtaking archival investigations in Basel, London, and Accra, and of an exciting text/context research (unearthing sources, excavating informants, examining sediments/versions

The WTO Dispute Settlement System : A First Assessment from an Economic Perspective

We explore the incentives countries face in trade litigation within the new WTO Dispute Settlement System. Our analysis yields a number of interesting predictions. First, because sanctions are ruled out during the litigation process, the Dispute Settlement System does not preclude all new trade restrictions. However, the agenda-setting capacity of the complainant, including its right to force a decision, make trade restrictions less attractive than under the WTO's predecessor GATT. Second, the system's appellate review provides the losing defendant with strong incentives to delay negative findings, and both parties with a possibility to signal their determinacy in fighting the case. Third, a relatively weak implementation procedure potentially reinforces incentives to violate WTO trade rules. Fourth, bilateral settlements are more likely at an early stage in the process and are biased towards the expected outcome of the formal dispute settlement procedure. Empirical evidence based on a first data set of cases at an advanced stage of the litigation process provides qualitative support for our claims.World Trade Organization; dispute settlement; trade restrictions

The Challenge of Reforming the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding

The May 2003 deadline for the completion of the negotiations on improvements and clarifications of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) under the Doha Mandate has not been met. However, Members agreed in July 2003 to extend the deadline for the review until the end of May 2004. This article briefly summarises the past six years of negotiations on the DSU review, the most contentious issues and the systemic difficulties of the negotiations. We conclude with prospects for the forthcoming negotiations until 2004.WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding DSU Review

Ungewisse Zukunft für die WTO

Am 1. Januar 1995 begann die World Trade Organization WTO als Nachfolgerin des Welthandelsabkommens GATT ihre Arbeit. Wie sieht die Bilanz ihrer zehnjährigen Tätigkeit aus? Welche künftigen Herausforderungen kommen auf sie zu? --

Neue Regeln für Hartz IV: Was ist aus dem Verfassungsgerichtsurteil zu lernen?

Nach dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts müssen die Regelsätze für Hartz-IV-Empfänger neu berechnet werden. Wolfgang Franz, Zentrum für Europäische Wirt-schaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, stellt klar, dass die Tragweite des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in »umgekehrtem Verhältnis zur medialen Aufmerksam-keit« steht. Von einer Neubestimmung des Sozialstaats könne keine Rede sein. Auch liefere das Urteil keine Basis für generelle Anhebungen der Regelsätze. Richard Hauser, ehemals Universität Frankfurt am Main, sieht die große Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass das Urteil zu einem höheren Regelsatz für Kinder führen wird, und diskutiert die Frage, ob man »mit Gutscheinen dem in der Öffentlichkeit geäußerten Verdacht begegnen kann, dass höhere Kinderregelsätze von den Eltern abgeschöpft würden«. Nach Ansicht von Joachim Möller, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Nürnberg, hat das Bundesverfassungsgericht ein »umsichtiges, ausgewogenes und nachvollziehbares Ur-teil« getroffen. Es stelle keineswegs den Kern der Hartz-IV-Reform in Frage, sondern fordere, Mängel in seiner Ausführung und Umsetzung abzustellen. Und auch Martin Werding, Universität Bochum, betont, dass das Verfassungsgericht in seinem Urteil keine Fundamentalkritik an der Reform geübt habe. Es stelle weder den Charakter der nach diesem Gesetz gewährten Leistungen als auf die Sicherung des Existenzminimums ausgelegte Grundsicherung in Frage noch das damit verbundene Ziel einer stärkeren Aktivierung erwerbsfähiger Leistungsbezieher. Heinz Buschkowsky, Bezirksbürger-meister Berlin-Neukölln, befürwortet, dass sich das Gericht sehr eingehend mit der Re-gelsatzberechnung für Kinder auseinandergesetzt habe. Deshalb müsse insbesondere bei den Kindern die Politik Hausaufgaben machen

Neue Regeln für Hartz IV: Was ist aus dem Verfassungsgerichtsurteil zu lernen?

Nach dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts müssen die Regelsätze für Hartz-IV-Empfänger neu berechnet werden. Wolfgang Franz, Zentrum für Europäische Wirt-schaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, stellt klar, dass die Tragweite des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in »umgekehrtem Verhältnis zur medialen Aufmerksam-keit« steht. Von einer Neubestimmung des Sozialstaats könne keine Rede sein. Auch liefere das Urteil keine Basis für generelle Anhebungen der Regelsätze. Richard Hauser, ehemals Universität Frankfurt am Main, sieht die große Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass das Urteil zu einem höheren Regelsatz für Kinder führen wird, und diskutiert die Frage, ob man »mit Gutscheinen dem in der Öffentlichkeit geäußerten Verdacht begegnen kann, dass höhere Kinderregelsätze von den Eltern abgeschöpft würden«. Nach Ansicht von Joachim Möller, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Nürnberg, hat das Bundesverfassungsgericht ein »umsichtiges, ausgewogenes und nachvollziehbares Ur-teil« getroffen. Es stelle keineswegs den Kern der Hartz-IV-Reform in Frage, sondern fordere, Mängel in seiner Ausführung und Umsetzung abzustellen. Und auch Martin Werding, Universität Bochum, betont, dass das Verfassungsgericht in seinem Urteil keine Fundamentalkritik an der Reform geübt habe. Es stelle weder den Charakter der nach diesem Gesetz gewährten Leistungen als auf die Sicherung des Existenzminimums ausgelegte Grundsicherung in Frage noch das damit verbundene Ziel einer stärkeren Aktivierung erwerbsfähiger Leistungsbezieher. Heinz Buschkowsky, Bezirksbürger-meister Berlin-Neukölln, befürwortet, dass sich das Gericht sehr eingehend mit der Re-gelsatzberechnung für Kinder auseinandergesetzt habe. Deshalb müsse insbesondere bei den Kindern die Politik Hausaufgaben machen.Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Sozialrecht, Arbeitslosenversicherung, Ökonomischer Anreiz, Deutschland, Hartz-Reform

Phylogenetic and Molecular Analysis of Food-Borne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Seventy-five food-associated Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains were analyzed by molecular and phylogenetic methods to describe their pathogenic potential. The presence of the locus of proteolysis activity (LPA), the chromosomal pathogenicity island (PAI) PAI ICL3, and the autotransporter- encoding gene sabA was examined by PCR. Furthermore, the occupation of the chromosomal integration sites of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), selC, pheU, and pheV, as well as the Stx phage integration sites yehV, yecE, wrbA, z2577, and ssrA, was analyzed. Moreover, the antibiotic resistance phenotypes of all STEC strains were determined. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed, and sequence types (STs) and sequence type complexes (STCs) were compared with those of 42 hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)-associated enterohemorrhagic E. coli (HUSEC) strains. Besides 59 STs and 4 STCs, three larger clusters were defined in this strain collection. Clusters A and C consist mostly of highly pathogenic eae-positive HUSEC strains and some related food-borne STEC strains. A member of a new O26 HUS-associated clone and the 2011 outbreak strain E. coli O104:H4 were found in cluster A. Cluster B comprises only eae-negative food-borne STEC strains as well as mainly eae-negative HUSEC strains. Although food-borne strains of cluster B were not clearly associated with disease, serotypes of important pathogens, such as O91:H21 and O113:H21, were in this cluster and closely related to the food-borne strains. Clonal analysis demonstrated eight closely related genetic groups of food-borne STEC and HUSEC strains that shared the same ST and were similar in their virulence gene composition. These groups should be considered with respect to their potential for human infection

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13

Search for direct stau production in events with two hadronic tau-leptons in root s=13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of the supersymmetric partners ofτ-leptons (staus) in final stateswith two hadronically decayingτ-leptons is presented. The analysis uses a dataset of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of139fb−1, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LargeHadron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant deviation from the expected StandardModel background is observed. Limits are derived in scenarios of direct production of stau pairs with eachstau decaying into the stable lightest neutralino and oneτ-lepton in simplified models where the two staumass eigenstates are degenerate. Stau masses from 120 GeV to 390 GeV are excluded at 95% confidencelevel for a massless lightest neutralino