10 research outputs found
Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal OriginâA Review of the Literature Focusing on Products Collected in Stores and Markets Worldwide
The extensive use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic residues in frequently consumed foods. Generally, the main use of antibiotics in animals is to treat and prevent diseases and growth promotion. However, the residues and their breakdown products have several side effects on the human body and, in a broader sense, on the environment. In relation to the human body, the frequency of mutations is increased, the bone marrow is damaged (chloramphenicol), and the reproductive organs of humans are affected. Carcinogenic effects have been found with antibiotics such as sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline, and furazolidone. We summarized data from 73 scientific studies reporting antimicrobial residues in animal products that were freely available for sale. The studies were published in English starting from 1999 till 2021 and identified through the Pubmed search engine. The aims were to find out which antibiotics, legal or illegal, could be found in animal foods worldwide. Which are stable to get into the food chain and exceed the maximum residue limits (MRL) regarding the EU guidelines as a comparison. Reducing antimicrobial residues in food from animal origin and, in addition to this, fighting the tremendous growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance will undoubtedly be one of the most difficult food safety challenges in the coming years
Identification of a Cardiolipin-specific Phospholipase Encoded by the Gene CLD1 (YGR110W) in Yeast*
The mitochondrial dimeric phospholipid cardiolipin is characterized by a
high degree of unsaturation of its acyl chains, which is important for its
functional interaction with mitochondrial enzymes. The unusual fatty acid
composition of cardiolipin molecular species emerges from a de novo
synthesized âprematureâ species by extensive acyl chain remodeling
that involves as yet only partially identified acyltransferases and
phospholipases. Recently, the yeast protein Taz1p was shown to function as a
transacylase, which catalyzes the reacylation of monolysocardiolipin to mature
cardiolipin. A defect in the orthologous human TAZ gene is associated
with Barth syndrome, a severe genetic disorder, which may lead to cardiac
failure and death in childhood. We now identified the protein encoded by
reading frame YGR110W as a mitochondrial phospholipase, which
deacylates de novo synthesized cardiolipin. Ygr110wp has a strong
substrate preference for palmitic acid residues and functions upstream of
Taz1p, to generate monolysocardiolipin for Taz1p-dependent reacylation with
unsaturated fatty acids. We therefore rename the Ygr110wp as Cld1p
(cardiolipin-specific deacylase 1)