FINER’S COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF GOVERNMENT

Finer je istraživao fenomen politike u prostornom i vremenskom opsegu, nastojeći istražiti što više oblika vladavine te pronaći jedinstvo u njihovoj različitosti. Posebnu pažnju posvetio je izučavanju institucija vladavine, koje je smatrao jezgrom politike. U središtu je istraživanja država. Sažimajući posljedice nastanka države na oblike vladavine, Finer je postavio dvije varijable: prvo, mjera u kojoj su vladari stvorili standardiziranu središnju upravu i, drugo, doseg u kome je bila uspostavljena homogena kultura, jezik i zakonik. Druga tema koja je imala važno mjesto u Finerovim istraživanjima jest vojna organizacija. On je htio pokazati kako se opstanak države, međunarodni poredak, socijalna distribucija moći, obnašanje vlasti, stupanj birokratizacije te narav režima isprepleću s ustrojem vojnih institucija države. Smatrao je da je vojna organizacija nužna za uspostavu i održanje političke zajednice, režima i vlasti. Glavnu je funkciju države vidio u pripremama za rat, ratovanju i oporavku od rata, te očekivanju sljedećeg sukoba. Finerova treća tema je odnos političkih i religijskih sustava vjerovanja. Isticao je njihovu dualističku prirodu, s dvije manje ili više nezavisne hijerarhije zbog kojih je dolazilo do ozbiljnih napetosti. On povezuje prevladavajući sustav vjerovanja, socijalnu stratifikaciju i političke institucije. Tamo gdje su ti činitelji skladni, politička zajednica postiže trajnu stabilnost.Finer investigated the phenomenon of politics within its spatial and temporal framework, trying to look into as many forms of government as possible and to find uniformity in their variety. He paid particular attention to a study of institutions of government which he considered the core of politics. His investigations focused on the state. By condensing the consequences of the emergence of the state on the forms of government, Finer came up with two variables: the extent in which rulers establish a standardized central administration and the extent in which homogeneous culture, religion and laws have been achieved. The second topic which held an important place in Finer’s research is military organization. He wanted to demonstrate how the survival of a state, international order, social distribution of power, governing, the degree of bureaucratization, and a regime’s nature, are intertwined with the structure of the state’s military institutions. His opinion was that the military organization is necessary for the establishment and preservation of political communities, regimes and governments. According to Finer, the state’s key function are preparing for wars, waging wars and reconstructing the country after them, and expecting the next one. Finer’s third topic is the relationship between political and religious systems of belief. He stressed their dualistic nature, with two more or less independent hierarchies which have been a source of serious tensions. Furthermore, Finer links the existing system of beliefs, social stratification, and political institutions. Where these factors are balanced, the political community achieves permanent stability

The performance of the jet trigger for the ATLAS detector during 2011 data taking

The performance of the jet trigger for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during the 2011 data taking period is described. During 2011 the LHC provided proton–proton collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and heavy ion collisions with a 2.76 TeV per nucleon–nucleon collision energy. The ATLAS trigger is a three level system designed to reduce the rate of events from the 40 MHz nominal maximum bunch crossing rate to the approximate 400 Hz which can be written to offline storage. The ATLAS jet trigger is the primary means for the online selection of events containing jets. Events are accepted by the trigger if they contain one or more jets above some transverse energy threshold. During 2011 data taking the jet trigger was fully efficient for jets with transverse energy above 25 GeV for triggers seeded randomly at Level 1. For triggers which require a jet to be identified at each of the three trigger levels, full efficiency is reached for offline jets with transverse energy above 60 GeV. Jets reconstructed in the final trigger level and corresponding to offline jets with transverse energy greater than 60 GeV, are reconstructed with a resolution in transverse energy with respect to offline jets, of better than 4 % in the central region and better than 2.5 % in the forward direction

Search for long-lived neutral particles in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter

This paper describes a search for pairs of neutral, long-lived particles decaying in the ATLAS calorimeter. Long-lived particles occur in many extensions to the Standard Model and may elude searches for new promptly decaying particles. The analysis considers neutral, long-lived scalars with masses between 5 and 400 GeV, produced from decays of heavy bosons with masses between 125 and 1000 GeV, where the long-lived scalars decay into Standard Model fermions. The analysis uses either 10.8 fb−1 or 33.0 fb−1 of data (depending on the trigger) recorded in 2016 at the LHC with the ATLAS detector in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess is observed, and limits are reported on the production cross section times branching ratio as a function of the proper decay length of the long-lived particles

Surreptitious factionalism in the French Communist Party

SIGLELD:4335.9603(20) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Surreptitious factionalism in the French Communist Party

SIGLELD:4335.9603(20) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Patriot games: the regulation of online gambling in the European Union

The recent economic crisis has brought into focus how even open and highly interdependent economies in the European Union try to govern their economies according to territorially defined interests. The aim of this article is to examine an area, online gambling, with the technological and legal conditions that challenge approaches that favour economic patriotism. The article compares two cases, the United Kingdom and Italy, that represent two different models of economic governance to argue that they are similar in which interests they seek to protect and at which level

The matrix of group analysis. An historical perspective

In 1939 a German—Jewish psychoanalyst who had left Germany in 1933 and who had, in 1938 moved to Exeter, a small city in the south west of England, began to practise group analysis. Soon caught up in military psychiatry, where he had ample opportunity to put his ideas and experience into practice, S.H. Foulkes elaborated his theoretical ideas in his first book in 1948. Thus the practice of group analysis began in England, geographically far from Frankfurt and from Vienna, where Foulkes had trained and worked, and in relative professional isolation. This is often a necessary condition for original work; compare the example of Ronald Fairbairn, contemporaneous in Edinburgh. But no man is an island and Foulkes' work has to be set in the context of the European ideas of his intellectual and social inheritance. We must situate him in history, figure against ground, as he himself insisted was a basic component of group-analytic theory

Varieties of capitalism in an internationalized world: domestic institutional change in European telecommunications

This article examines how internationalization affects domestic decisions about the reform of market institutions. A developing literature argues that nations maintain different \u201cvarieties of capitalism\u201d in the face of economic globalization because of diverse domestic settings. However, in an internationalized world, powerful forces for change applying across border scan affect decision making within domestic arenas. The article therefore analyzes how three factors (transnational technological and economic developments, overseas reforms, and European regulation) affected institutional reform in a selected case study of telecommunications regulation in Britain, France, Germany, and Italy between the 1960s and 2002. The author argues that when different forms of internationalization are strong and combined, they can overwhelm institutional inertia and the effects of different national settings to result in rapid change and cross-national convergence in market institutions. Hence different varieties of capitalism may endure only when international pressures are low and/or for limited periods of time