58 research outputs found

    Laajan pinta-alan elektroniikan valmistusmenetelmiÀ

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    In Large Area Electronics (LAE) there are multiple processing methods to take advantage of. Components can be produced for example by directly printing patterned layers on top of each other. Most common printing methods are gravure, flexographic, silk screen and inkjet. Electronics done only by such processes suffer from the limitations stated by the printable materials and the process equipment. This thesis shows some critical LAE processing challenges, and introduces new ways to overcome them. The goal is to use roll-to-roll compatible methods. Some traditional processing techniques are used in a new way. Commercial and prototype materials are used in the testing. The work includes experimental results of printed thin films made with polymer or carbon nanotube semiconductors and either low- or high permittivity dielectrics. After material selection, the transistor electrode quality and pattern resolution (dimensions) govern the electrical performance. Electrical results of low-voltage (5V) thin film transistors and circuits are reported. This work includes the experimental results of roll-to-roll (R2R) compatible thin metal film patterning methods like etching with a new printable gel etchant, and high resolution laser ablation. Furthermore, a new lamination concept is introduced. Laminating together two separate substrates allows new possible material combinations and new electrode options for both sides of the device. Finally, these methods are combined in a demonstration device: a tactile sensor matrix is built using air-gap transistors. The transistors are constructed using R2R printed active layers including gel etched electrodes on one foil, and inkjet printed spacers and electrodes on another foil. When foils are laminated together, air-gap transistors are formed, and the flexible structure make the transistors sensitive to tactile input. The shape and sensitivity of such sensor structure is easy to modify for different applications.Laajan pinta-alan elektroniikan tuotantoon on useita mahdollisia menetelmiÀ. Yksinkertaisimmillaan prosessointi on additiivista; siinÀ elektroniikan komponentti toteutetaan kerros kerrokselta, esimerkiksi kuvioiduilla painoprosesseilla. YleisimmÀt alan painomenetelmÀt ovat syvÀpaino, fleksografinen paino, silkkipaino ja mustesuihkutulostus. TÀllÀ tavoin tuotetut komponentit eivÀt yleensÀ ole suorituskyvyltÀÀn riittÀviÀ todellisiin sovelluksiin, johtuen painotekniikan ja painettavien materiaalien rajoituksista. TÀmÀn vuoksi laajan pinta-alan elektroniikassa on usein mukana myös muilla tuotantoprosesseilla toteutettuja kerroksia tai pintakÀsittelyjÀ. TÀssÀ työssÀ esitetÀÀn keinoja laajan pinta-alan elektroniikan suorituskyvyn parantamiseksi kÀyttÀen perinteisiÀ menetelmiÀ uudella tavalla. Tavoitteena on rullalta-rullalle (R2R) yhteensopiva prosessi. Tutkimukseen on kÀytetty sekÀ kaupallisia, ettÀ kehitysasteella olevia materiaaleja. Kokeellisessa työssÀ on tutkittu pienen ja suuren permittiivisyyden hilaeristekerroksia, ja polymeeri- ja hiilinanoputki-puolijohteita ohutkalvotransistoreissa. Materiaalin valinnan jÀlkeen komponenttien dimensiot ja kuvioinnin laatu mÀÀrittÀvÀt suorituskyvyn. Ohuilla kerroksilla saatiin aikaan suhteellisen matalalla (5V) kÀyttöjÀnnitteellÀ toimivia transistoreja ja piirejÀ. TÀssÀ työssÀ esitetÀÀn painoprosessiin soveltuva ohuen metallikerroksen etsausmenetelmÀ, sekÀ hienokuviointiin kykenevÀ laser-kuviointimenetelmÀ. TyössÀ esitetÀÀn myös erityinen laminointimenetelmÀ. Se mahdollistaa tarkasti kuvioidut elektrodit rakenteen kummallakin puolella, sekÀ materiaalit jotka eivÀt ole muuten painettavissa tai prosessoitavissa pÀÀllekkÀin. TÀmÀ tuottaa kahden substraatin vÀliin luontaisesti suojaan prosessoidun rakenteen. Lopuksi esitetÀÀn esimerkkinÀ kosketussensorisovellus, jossa yhdistetÀÀn R2R massaprosessoitu transistorirakenne, mustesuihkutulostettu erottava vÀlirakenne ja laminointimenetelmÀ. Sensorin muoto ja herkkyysalue ovat vapaasti muokattavissa eri kÀyttötarkoituksiin sopivaksi

    Oma-aloitteinen tietojen antaminen rikosten torjumiseksi

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    Hankkeen tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ viranomaisten oma-aloitteista tietojen antamista ja luovuttamista rikosten torjumiseksi sekĂ€ siihen liittyviĂ€ ongelmia, tulkintoja ja sÀÀntelyn kehittĂ€mistarpeita. Selvitys koostuu oikeusvertailusta, sÀÀntelyanalyysistĂ€, oikeushistoriallisesta katsauksesta, haastatteluista sekĂ€ sÀÀntelyn kehittĂ€misanalyysistĂ€. SelvityksessĂ€ tarkasteltiin vertailumaiden – Ruotsin, Norjan, Viron ja Englannin – lainsÀÀdĂ€ntöÀ. SiinĂ€ kartoitettiin ja analysoitiin Suomessa voimassa oleva lainsÀÀdĂ€ntö ja sÀÀntelyn kehitys 2000-luvulla. Haastattelujen avulla selvitettiin eri viranomaisten kokemuksia oma-aloitteisesta tietojen antamisesta. Lopuksi analysoitiin oma-aloitteista tietojen antamista koskevan sÀÀntelyn kehittĂ€mistarpeita. Selvityksen mukaan oma-aloitteisen tietojen antamisen kannalta ongelmia vaikuttaa aiheutuvan sÀÀdösvalmistelusta. SÀÀntelyn kehittĂ€missuosituksena esitetÀÀn muun muassa, ettĂ€ viranomaisten tietoluovutuksista sÀÀdettĂ€essĂ€ tulisi mahdollisuuksien mukaan arvioida, onko tarpeen sÀÀtÀÀ erikseen oma-aloitteisesta tietojen antamisesta. Pyyntöperusteisesta ja oma-aloitteisesta tietojen antamisesta voidaan sÀÀtÀÀ rinnakkain samassa laissa. Oma-aloitteisesta tietojen antamisesta tulisi mahdollisuuksien mukaan sÀÀtÀÀ yhdenmukaisesti eri laeissa. Julkaisu on lĂ€pikĂ€ynyt ulkopuolisen tieteellisen arvioinnin.TĂ€mĂ€ julkaisu on toteutettu osana valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimussuunnitelman toimeenpanoa.(tietokayttoon.fi) Julkaisun sisĂ€llöstĂ€ vastaavat tiedon tuottajat, eikĂ€ tekstisisĂ€ltö vĂ€lttĂ€mĂ€ttĂ€ edusta valtioneuvoston nĂ€kemystĂ€

    Validation of TROPOMI Surface UV Radiation Product

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    The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. The S5P is a sun-synchronous polar-orbiting satellite providing global daily coverage. The TROPOMI swath is 2600 km wide, and the ground resolution for most data products is 7.2x3.5 km2 (5.6x3.5 km2 since 6 August 2019) at nadir. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is responsible for the development and processing of the TROPOMI Surface Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Product which includes 36 UV parameters in total. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and antarctic areas were used for validation of TROPOMI overpass irradiance at 305, 310, 324 and 380 nm, overpass erythemally weighted dose rate / UV index and erythemally weighted daily dose for the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 August 2019. The validation results showed that for most sites 60–80% of TROPOMI data was within ±20% from ground-based data for snow free surface conditions. The median relative differences to ground-based measurements of TROPOMI snow free surface daily doses were within ±10% and ±5% at two thirds and at half of the sites, respectively. At several sites more than 90% of clear sky TROPOMI data were within ±20% from ground-based measurements. Generally median relative differences between TROPOMI data and ground-based measurements were a little biased towards negative values, but at high latitudes where nonhomogeneous topography and albedo/snow conditions occurred, the negative bias was exceptionally high, from -30% to -65%. Positive biases of 10–15% were also found for mountainous sites due to challenging topography. The TROPOMI Surface UV Radiation Product includes quality flags to detect increased uncertainties in the data due to heterogeneous surface albedo and rough terrain which can be used to filter the data retrieved under challenging conditions

    A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape

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    Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways

    New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

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    Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

    A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape

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    Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways.Peer reviewe

    New Processing Methods for Large-Area Electronics:Dissertation

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    New Processing Methods for Large-Area Electronics:Dissertation

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