Spherical Needlets for CMB Data Analysis

We discuss Spherical Needlets and their properties. Needlets are a form of spherical wavelets which do not rely on any kind of tangent plane approximation and enjoy good localization properties in both pixel and harmonic space; moreover needlets coefficients are asymptotically uncorrelated at any fixed angular distance, which makes their use in statistical procedures very promising. In view of these properties, we believe needlets may turn out to be especially useful in the analysis of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data on the incomplete sky, as well as of other cosmological observations. As a final advantage, we stress that the implementation of needlets is computationally very convenient and may rely completely on standard data analysis packages such as HEALPix.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Submicroscopic Deletions at 13q32.1 Cause Congenital Microcoria.

International audienceCongenital microcoria (MCOR) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by inability of the iris to dilate owing to absence of dilator pupillae muscle. So far, a dozen MCOR-affected families have been reported worldwide. By using whole-genome oligonucleotide array CGH, we have identified deletions at 13q32.1 segregating with MCOR in six families originating from France, Japan, and Mexico. Breakpoint sequence analyses showed nonrecurrent deletions in 5/6 families. The deletions varied from 35 kbp to 80 kbp in size, but invariably encompassed or interrupted only two genes: TGDS encoding the TDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase and GPR180 encoding the G protein-coupled receptor 180, also known as intimal thickness-related receptor (ITR). Unlike TGDS which has no known function in muscle cells, GPR180 is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cell growth. The identification of a null GPR180 mutation segregating over two generations with iridocorneal angle dysgenesis, which can be regarded as a MCOR endophenotype, is consistent with the view that deletions of this gene, with or without the loss of elements regulating the expression of neighboring genes, are the cause of MCOR

A Panorama on Multiscale Geometric Representations, Intertwining Spatial, Directional and Frequency Selectivity

The richness of natural images makes the quest for optimal representations in image processing and computer vision challenging. The latter observation has not prevented the design of image representations, which trade off between efficiency and complexity, while achieving accurate rendering of smooth regions as well as reproducing faithful contours and textures. The most recent ones, proposed in the past decade, share an hybrid heritage highlighting the multiscale and oriented nature of edges and patterns in images. This paper presents a panorama of the aforementioned literature on decompositions in multiscale, multi-orientation bases or dictionaries. They typically exhibit redundancy to improve sparsity in the transformed domain and sometimes its invariance with respect to simple geometric deformations (translation, rotation). Oriented multiscale dictionaries extend traditional wavelet processing and may offer rotation invariance. Highly redundant dictionaries require specific algorithms to simplify the search for an efficient (sparse) representation. We also discuss the extension of multiscale geometric decompositions to non-Euclidean domains such as the sphere or arbitrary meshed surfaces. The etymology of panorama suggests an overview, based on a choice of partially overlapping "pictures". We hope that this paper will contribute to the appreciation and apprehension of a stream of current research directions in image understanding.Comment: 65 pages, 33 figures, 303 reference

Study of the genus Porphyromonas in the lung micro-environment of people with cystic fibrosis

Des études récentes sur le microbiote pulmonaire des patients atteints de mucoviscidose ont mis en lumière une part importante de bactéries anaérobies dont le rôle exact n’est pas connu à ce jour. Parmi ces bactéries, le genre Porphyromonas est associé à un microbiote sain et identifié comme un genre d’intérêt, car potentiellement prédictif de la colonisation à Pseudomonas aeruginosa au niveau pulmonaire chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Toutefois, très peu d’informations sont disponibles sur les espèces non pigmentées de Porphyromonas comme P. catoniae à l’inverse de P. gingivalis. L’objectif de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre le rôle du genre Porphyromonas au sein du microbiote pulmonaire des patients atteints de mucoviscidose.Cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence que les espèces non pigmentées de Porphyromonas (P. catoniae et P. pasteri) dominaient dans l’environnement pulmonaire et non P. gingivalis. Contrairement à l’espèce P. gingivalis, ces espèces arborent un comportement commensal vis-à-vis de l’hôte voir un comportement potentiellement protecteur lors de l’infection pulmonaire à P. aeruginosa dans un modèle murin de pneumonie aiguë. Bien que d’autres études soient nécessaires pour conclure définitivement, cette thèse met en avant l’importance de distinguer les espèces pigmentées et non pigmentées de Porphyromonas au niveau pulmonaire dont les impacts semblent opposés.Recent studies on lung microbiota highlight an important part of anaerobic bacteria those role is not yet deciphered. Among those bacteria, the genus Porphyromonas is associated with a healthy microbiota and was identified as a potential predictive biomarker of lung infection to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis. However, not much informations are available on non-pigmented species of Porphyromonas like P. catoniae, conversely to P. gingivalis. The goal of this thesis was to better understand the role of Porphyromonas within the lung microbiota of people with cystic fibrosis.This thesis highlights that non pigmented species of Porphyromonas (P. catoniae and P. pasteri) dominate in the lung environment and not P. gingivalis. Conversely to the species P. gingivalis, those species seems to act as commensals for the host and are potentially protective in the context of a lung acute infection by P. aeruginosa in a murin model. Despite the need of further studies to conclude, this thesis highlight the importance to distinguish pigmented and non pigmented Porphyromonas species in the lung environment as they seem to act differently

Élevage : des performances mises à l’index…

Élevage : des performances mises à l’index

Virtual Reality Based Three-Dimensional Guide Wire Propagation Simulation for Endovascular Intervention.

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Les bactéries anaérobies, ces inconnues du microbiote pulmonaire

La médecine a longtemps considéré le poumon comme un organe stérile. Il est désormais évident qu’il est colonisé par des microorganismes, y compris chez les sujets sains. Parmi les bactéries présentes dans le microbiote pulmonaire, une part importante est anaérobie (strictes ou facultatives). Si l’intérêt et l’impact du microbiote, en général, et pulmonaire en particulier, vont grandissant, peu d’études s’intéressent à ces inconnues que représentent ces bactéries anaérobies résidentes des poumons. Cette synthèse bibliographique décrit la biodiversité des anaérobies en situation physiologique et dans différentes maladies respiratoires chroniques (mucoviscidose, BPCO, asthme), abordant tour à tour leurs rôles dans l’effet de flore barrière, dans l’inflammation, ou encore comme potentiel biomarqueur de certaines maladies pulmonaires

Porphyromonas: A neglected potential key genus in human microbiomes

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The Human Microbiome, an Emerging Key-Player in the Sex Gap in Respiratory Diseases

International audienceThe sex gap is well-documented in respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While the differences between males and females in prevalence, severity and prognosis are well-established, the pathophysiology of the sex difference has been poorly characterized to date. Over the past 10 years, metagenomics-based studies have revealed the presence of a resident microbiome in the respiratory tract and its central role in respiratory disease. The lung microbiome is associated with host immune response and health outcomes in both animal models and patient cohorts. The study of the lung microbiome is therefore an interesting new avenue to explore in order to understand the sex gap observed in respiratory diseases. Another important parameter to consider is the gut-lung axis, since the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in distant immune modulation in respiratory diseases, and an intestinal “microgenderome” has been reported: i.e., sexual dimorphism in the gut microbiome. The microgenderome provides new pathophysiological clues, as it defines the interactions between microbiome, sex hormones, immunity and disease susceptibility. As research on the microbiome is increasing in volume and scope, the objective of this review was to describe the state-of-the-art on the sex gap in respiratory medicine (acute pulmonary infection and chronic lung disease) in the light of the microbiome, including evidence of local (lung) or distant (gut) contributions to the pathophysiology of these diseases.Le dépistage néonatal (DNN) de la mucoviscidose a permis une prise en charge multidisciplinaire très précoce des nourrissons et a amélioré le pronostic de cette maladie. Il a connu, en une vingtaine d’années, un développement international spectaculaire. Les performances du DNN national français, réalisé depuis 2002, répondent aux exigences des standards européens en termes de valeur prédictive positive et de sensibilité. Nous pouvons noter, en particulier, un nombre très faible de cas en attente de conclusion, un pourcentage très élevé de tests de la sueur réalisés et d’identification des mutations du gène c ystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) , un ratio important de cas de mucoviscidose par rapport aux cas de diagnostics non conclus, ainsi qu’une stratégie efficace pour repérer les faux-négatifs. Une nouvelle organisation du DNN français a été mise en place. Il est donc capital de maintenir l’efficacité du processus ainsi mis en place, du nouveau-né en maternité jusqu’au diagnostic dans des centres de ressources et de compétences de la mucoviscidose, avec le recueil exhaustif des données et leur validation

Anaerobes in cystic fibrosis patients' airways

International audienceAnaerobes are known to constitute an important part of the airway microbiota in both healthy subjects and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Studies on the potential role of anaerobic bacteria in CF and thus their involvement in CF pathophysiology have reported contradictory results, and the question is still not elucidated. The aim of this study was to summarize anaerobe diversity in the airway microbiota and its potential role in CF, to provide an overview of the state of knowledge on anaerobe antibiotic resistances (resistome), and to investigate the detectable metabolites produced by anaerobes in CF airways (metabolome). This review emphasizes key metabolites produced by strict anaerobic bacteria (sphingolipids, fermentation-induced metabolites and metabolites involved in quorum-sensing), which may be essential for the better understanding of lung disease pathophysiology in CF